Last Product Purchased Essay

Think for a moment about the last product you purchased. What was the product? What is the brand name of the product? How would you describe the customer for this product? What is the product’s closest brand competitor? Explain why you chose this brand rather than the competitor’s brand. How did the marketing for the product influence your purchase? The last product I purchased was my new car. It is a 2012 Chevrolet Malibu. The customer for this product would be a young adult to middle aged adult. The customer for this car wants a car that is smaller in size but one that also has plenty of room for at least 4 people. The closest brand to this car would be, in my opinion, the Pontiac G8. When I purchased my Malibu I went to test drive the G8. It was a 2011 and had only a few miles on it. It was traded in for a different car because the car was too small for the current owner. I loved the G8 and it was everything I wanted. It was only a couple thousand dollars less than the Malibu and the Malibu was brand new with only 20 miles on it. My husband is the one who really liked the Malibu and talked me into test driving it. Needless to say that is the car I choose. I chose this particular car because with the FREE extended warranty and the rebates on this car it turned out to be a cheaper car than the G8 but also a better car. Honestly the marketing on this car did not influence my opinion at all. I never thought about this specific car until at the dealership that day. When I purchased this car Chevrolet has awesome rebates and interest on their new vehicles. After my purchase I stared seeing, or paying attention, to the commercials on this car and I am positive I made the right decision. If I would have paid attention to the commercials on this car it would have been the car I chose anyway.

Anthem For Doomed Youth Etc

This poem tries to stop young men from volunteering to go and fight in a war, and to let them see that war is not as what is was often imagined to be – glorious and sweet. â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† is also an anti-war poem, but it does not include the horrific imagery Of Dulcet et Decorum Est. In this poem, Owen explains that many young people die in war, and that the family also suffers from their relatives death. This poem discourages the families from sending their boys to war.It is aimed at the parents, and through the poem, the parents can realize the pain of losing a son. Both anti- AR poems want to explain to people although aimed at different groups that war is not glorious and sweet, as it was believed to be. In this, the poems are very similar, but the methods used to achieve this differs greatly. â€Å"Dulcet et Decorum Est† gives a personal experience of a soldier, probably Owen himself, in battle. The first stanza explains just how tired and exh austing you can be after war-The atmosphere is depressive.Owen uses words and phrases like â€Å"hags†, â€Å"sludge† and â€Å"drunk with fatigue†. The entire mood is depressive and exhausting, and makes the reader feel the draining effect of AR. In the second stanza, the mood changes drastically from being exhausted to energetic. This is what Owen describes to be â€Å"an ecstasy of fumbling†, which is an oxymoron, as ecstasy in usually associated with joy, and fumbling with awkwardness. It seems that a chlorine-gas bomb exploded near the soldiers, and panicle, they hastily put on their gas masks.All but one manage to put the masks on in time. That man suffers grumblingly, as he is described to be burnt by the gas â€Å"like a man in fire or which is a substance that can eat flesh. â€Å"As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. † The Rene sea would be because of the effects of the chlorine gas – which is green, and the mask visor. The dr owning effects would be because of the blood in his lungs, and the gurgling for air while he was dying. This is a good simile, because Owen compares the surrounding gas to a sea, in which he is safe, but the unprotected man is drowning.The stanza ends with the line â€Å"He plunges at me, guttering chocking, drowning'. It is a very gruesome end to a very horrid stanza. This onomatopoeia in line sixteen makes the death sound very real, gruesome and sickening. The atmosphere Of this stanza is horrifying ND sickening. In the third stanza, the atmosphere changes again. The gas is gone, and they are loading up the dead and dying. The bodies are, however, not loaded onto the truck with respect; instead they are â€Å"flung' in. This dehumidifies the dead, and it just shows that there is no time to honor the dead.They are treated like garbage. Then the half dead man from the gas- attack is brought up again. He is in his final death stages. It is just as horrid as the second stanza. †Å"the blood. .. Gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs†¦ † This is another onomatopoeia, and it is easy to imagine the final death scene. The sat part of the poem gives this statement after the grueling scene: â€Å"My friend, you would not tell with such high zest to children ardent for some desperate glory, the old lie: Dulcet et Decorum Est Pro Patria Moor. In this, Owen explains, that if you could in some dream follow that horrific scene, and experience what the soldiers experienced, then nobody would enthusiastically tell desperate young men, about to go to war, seeking glory, that it is sweet and fitting to die for one's country, as was often quoted by commanders. â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† is in the form of a Shakespearian sonnet, which is normally associated with love. This is very ironic, as this poem has very little to do with love – it has to do with death.The word â€Å"Anthem† is mostly associated with pride and glory, but in the ti tle, it symbolizes the guarantee and promise of dead young men. The first line asks a rhetorical question: â€Å"what passing bells for these who die like cattle? â€Å", followed by â€Å"only the monstrous anger of the guns†. This means, that there are no church bells for those who are slaughtered like animals, there are only the loud and deadly guns on the battlefields. Immediately, this will strike especially parents, who will not want their children to die, especially if there is tot even glory or honor in the death.No ceremony is held to honor the brave and dead there is only â€Å"angry' gunfire. Then there is the wonderful phrase â€Å"stuttering rifle's rapid rattle†. This is both an alliteration and an onomatopoeia. One can almost hear the deadly machine gun fire, ungracefully slaughtering thousands Of boys. Owen continues giving his description of the lack of glory for the young men, by saying â€Å"the shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells†. T his is also a paradox, as choirs are usually associated with a church and happiness, but here it is the ‘song' of shrill, howling shells.

The Elements of Transition and Threshold Spaces

Passage infinites are those infinites that are passed through in the journey to finish, some being the finish themselves.Threshold is a starting point or point at which something begins to take consequence.Passages and thresholds are infinites or points of alteration in a journey. They define our place in relation to where we have come from and where we are traveling.The experience and impact of a passage infinite is influenced by how it is revealed and how it relates to its milieus.It is believed that we, the perceivers are in a uninterrupted duologue with the infinite we are detecting. All the elements in the infinite speak to us. The more dominant 1s tend to talk first or we can state reveal foremost. This disclosure creates interesting experience through a passage infinite, making a better sense of journey and topographic point. There are assorted ways in which infinites or elements in the infinite are revealed. â€Å"Much of the delectation of a topographic point lies in how one gets to it.†2 2 Kevin Lynch,Site Planning, 3rd erectile dysfunction. ( Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984 ) , 329.It is hence non incorrect to state that it is the creative activity of journey, the passage infinite and the disclosure of objects or elements both touchable and intangible, which generate stimulating experiences and heighten the sense of topographic point.The spacial experience of a passage infinite is a series of assorted degrees of containment and openness, shadow and visible radiation, degree alterations, frontage beat and forms and assorted other factors.The elementsPassage through infinites can besides be looked at constructing degree. We can see passage infinites in a vehicle and other on pes. So one is vehicular experience and other is prosaic experience. For a prosaic it is the finer inside informations that he experiences. He perceives all points of difference and alteration within the boundary really accurately, which he would be given to lose out while detecting from inside a v ehicle. The proportions and densenesss of edifices along the border of the streets influence the experience of the journey along the street. There may be narrow streets with tall edifices on both the sides. There are other streets with edifices on one side and unfastened countries on the other side. In both the instances the prosaic experience is rather the antonym, one gives the feeling of containment while the other gives you the feeling of openness. The feeling of openness is enhanced when it comes after the feeling of containment or frailty versa. These intangible feelings of containment and openness can be generated by many more ways. The interior decorator merely has to play with the volume of the passage infinite and the borders in order to bring forth these feelings. One must besides gain that a infinite might non be unfastened in true sense but it in relation to the infinite predating it or infinite next in row can be considered unfastened. This brings us to another facet o f a passage infinite which is they are frequently perceived in relation to infinite environing it.In order to understand passage infinites it is really of import to understand thresholds. As antecedently mentioned thresholds are like points of alteration in a journey. A door in the wall is a threshold which connects two otherwise separate infinites. Some interior decorators use different elements like little bridging elements to make thresholds. These thresholds enhance the sense of topographic point by restricting the position of what is beyond and make expectancy. Some usage thresholds to concentrate or pull attending towards a certain component in infinite. So in one topographic point thresholds are used to hide while in the other they are used to uncover.Thresholds for different edifices are designed otherwise. You will detect a toran with graven images of Gods and goddesses carved out in them in the thresholds of a Hindu temple. Whereas you will detect a corbelled arch with a w ooden door as a threshold in a house. Some thresholds are designed to stand for the position of the edifice or the street.Since clip immemorial the drama of shadow and visible radiation have been used to make a beat within the street or even inside a edifice. Shadow of the edifices, trees, vehicles parked, people and other objects create a beat. You may detect that it is at these points where people pause before traveling on to the following infinite. Just like shadow adds deepness in a 2D picture, the drama of shadow and visible radiation add life to any infinite. If the enchantment of shadow or visible radiation is big plenty to go a possible infinite so interior decorators create thresholds at the alteration from shadow to visible radiation and visible radiation to shadow.Other normally experient characteristics are stairss. They connect and separate infinites. They can make a sense of reaching. The placement of the flights of stepss influences the experience of reaching. The ste ps contained within the passage infinite defined by the edifices create a strong sense of separation.Through dividing the flight into two the tallness of the flight is less dashing and a infinite is defined by the landing. The landing becomes a passage into the confined infinite and the stairss at the terminal lead out of the infinite.Peoples are a really of import portion of the experience.Lynch, Kevin, 1967,The Image of the City, 3rd print, MA: MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England. â€Å"Moving elements in a metropolis, and in peculiar the people and their activities, are every bit of import as the stationary physical parts. We are non merely perceivers of this spectacle, but are ourselves a portion of it, on the phase with the other participants.† The sight of old people sitting and reading newspaper, kids running about or playing games, adult females speaking in the front pace and making family jobs are a common sight in societies. It is these people that add life to any infinite. A market topographic point with people is more welcoming and pleasant than one without them. This does non intend that a topographic point without people appears dead. Even without people the infinite is still alive. The place and seting propose a infinite that is used by the people who live at that place, the scooter parked in the street suggests that person is place, the stairss lifting up to a door connect the street to the upper degree. The Windowss looking over the street perforate the mass of the edifices supplying connexion between interior and outside, a sense that person could be watching. The figure of doors accessing a public infinite affects the security of the infinite. An flat block serviced by merely one entree onto the street activates the infinite every bit long as there are people utilizing the door, but when no 1 is coming or traveling a individual door offers no indicant of the figure of people utilizing it. Multiple doors indicate a larger figure of people potentially utilizing the infinite. The more doors that entree a public infinite the greater the sense that people could emerge from the door, supplying activation and security in the infinite. Nowadays people have started edifice boundary walls. They frequently have one chief gate. The infinite outside the walls is activated merely when people use that gate. You can visualize a school gate with tonss of little kids running out of the gate. The street in forepart is active merely so. A boundary wall may be supplying security to the people inside but it makes the infinite around really insecure. At times t he infinite within the boundary walls is besides non safe. An easy solution to this job of security is to increase the porousness in the walls. Many doors accessing a street work the same manner.

Writer's choice in management of the information resource Research Proposal

Writer's choice in management of the information resource - Research Proposal Example Different social media like Face book, Twitter and Linked In and television have been the best informative site since technology has ever created. As per (Doctor) â€Å"Media is an instrument on communication, like a newspaper or a radio, so social media would be a social instrument of communication†. These social media site allow managing groups and contact lists with which information can be collected and shared which is essential in business world. Social media has the ability to impart news with credibility because it presents facts in raw form. The usability and accessibility makes social media an apt information resource in management area. Managerial people get an individual space to share information and articles. Also processing and refining information is easy by means of social media. And social media have more trust worth information due to its networking ,accessibility and interactivity.As per (Daniel) â€Å"People tend to trust social media users who provide statements based on actual facts and research and not those who merely share their biased opinions† Social media is a technologically advanced means of information system where management can share information and get many leads. Social media has given more creative and interactive platform for management function and given more opportunity for information system to grow. Burgess, Ian. "Facebook as a Collaborative Knowledge Management System ." http://www.ian burgess.m e.uk. Word Press, 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

Wade & Wolf Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wade & Wolf Analysis - Essay Example Both Wolf and Wade focus on the impacts of globalization on the level of poverty and pay inequality in the world. Wolf is of the opinion that globalization has reduced poverty and pay inequality but Wade refutes Wolf’s statement. Wade doubts the creditability of sources upon which Wolf had based his judgment. â€Å"But recent research on where the Bank got the 1.2 billion suggests that the method for calculating the numbers is probably to understate the true numbers in poverty.† (Wade 440). Wade thinks the inequality in the field of income among countries is measured through an incorrect method. He mentions that household expenditure can aid in providing the correct picture about unequal income distribution. The difference in the household expenditure proves that the inequality in pay among various countries is on increase. He proves his stance by providing the statistics that bring forth disparity in wages. â€Å"Roughly 85 percent of world income goes to 20 percent o f the world’s population and 6 percent to 60 percent of the world’s population†. (Wade 441). He differs from Wolf’s view that globalization aids in the development of the country. But while looking at the inequalities in income distribution, Wade ignores the situation in China and India. And it is this attitude of Wade that Wolf refers to in his article; Wolf says that India and China with their enormous population cannot be overlooked while analyzing the changing trends in the field of poverty and income distribution. â€Å"But why would one want to exclude two countries that contained 60 percent of world’s poorest people two decades and still contain almost 40 percent of world’s population today?† (Wolf 442). Wolf contrasts with Wade when it comes to the contribution of India and China in narrowing the gap of inequality that has been prevailing in average income for countries all over

Explain the Role of Pricing within the Marketing Mix Essay

Explain the Role of Pricing within the Marketing Mix - Essay Example In order to use the best pricing strategy for the products, a good estimate of the quantity of money the consumers are willing to spend on the products is required by the company. It is important to note that most companies do not use adequate pricing strategies for the products they generate. Majority of the pricing decisions are cost oriented instead of being value-based as perceived by the consumer (Breidert 2006, p10). Product differentiation entails the modification of the product to make it appear more attractive to a particular group of consumers, thus making it different from the competitor’s products. The main purpose of differentiation is to divide the consumers into segments â€Å"and optimizing the products for the specific needs of the segments. Differentiation requires a sophisticated pricing strategy based on the perceived values of the products† (Breidert 2006, p10). In most cases, product pricing is placed within the penetration strategy. Penetration st rategy determines the factors affecting pricing as noted by Cohen (1983). For instance, a company may want to look for short-term objectives using a defined strategy for a particular type of product. The common objectives mostly used are current product profit maximization or market share increase. Both objectives depend on the knowledge of how the market will respond to diverse pricing patterns. Price is the crucial element for such short-term objectives. This is because it is the mainly flexible component in marketing mix. Price can be adjusted and changed rapidly and short-term adjustments indicates changes in market shares and profits (Breidert 2006, p10). The price of a particular product for most of the companies is based on the consumer’s perceived value, that is, the company uses value-based pricing. The price of the product is considered with other marketing elements before setting the marketing program (Colin 1989). In order to develop a value-based pricing strategy , the company is required to estimate the present perceived value of its product(s). In such a case, the company attempts to measure the products demand and the demand is dependent on the historical sales data and the competitor’s prices. External factors such as holiday and weekends, and advertising also affect the demand for the products. Lastly, the introduction of a new product into the market by a company requires the adoption of different strategies. The launch of a single product requires a pricing strategy such as penetration or skimming strategy. Adoption of a skimming strategy entails charging the consumer for a short period of time a relatively high price for the launched product. Penetration strategy entails setting a lower price for the product to gain a large market share (Breidert 2006, p11). 2. Visit the Easyjet London (Luton) to Madrid for various periods. Return flights assumed with a duration of one week a. Leaving tomorrow 21-28 Jan 21 January, 2012 - Outb ound -â‚ ¬ 73.99 21 January, 2012 - Return - â‚ ¬ 46.99 Total = â‚ ¬ 120.98 b. Leaving in 1 weeks time 28 January, 2012 - Outbound - â‚ ¬ 73.99 4 February, 2012 - Return - â‚ ¬ 46.99 Total = â‚ ¬ 120.98 c. Leaving in 1 months time 21 February, 2012 -Outbound -â‚ ¬ 25.99 28 February, 2012 Return - â‚ ¬ 10.99 Total = 36.98 d. Leaving in 3 months time. April 21, 2012 Outbound - â‚ ¬ 35.99 April 28, 2012 Return – â‚ ¬ 89.99 Total = 125.98 Easyjet generally offers competitive prices to customers on the same routes and

How you have experienced social change in Qatar over the last 5 years Essay

How you have experienced social change in Qatar over the last 5 years or so - Essay Example The above changes are largely because Qatar has been hosting numerous sporting events. Mubarak Al Mana, who is the head of the country’s women’s sport committee, has played an important role in supporting women’s involvement in sports. Apart from the increase in the number of women participating in the country’s labor force, most of them tend to focus in certain occupations, particularly teaching and clerical jobs. As the Qatar society started the complex process of implementing social change decade ago, the imbalanced status of women became prominent. It also became a difficult obstacle. Nevertheless, the country has taken vital recognizable steps in the past five years to ensure that women have similar privileges as men. For instance, women have the privilege to vote and contend for any political position during their parliamentary elections (Great Britain, 2004). In 2010, Sheikha Maha Mansour was appointed as the first woman judge in the country. This greatly indicated how Qatar was experiencing a speedy social change. The situation also created an important example to other women who are currently studying different courses previously meant for men. Another recognizable social change is the organization of the family laws. Formerly, resolutions of family problems were dependent on the judge’s understanding of Islamic law. However, this has changed since 2003 when women were given th e privilege to participate in public life and business. In addition, they also have the privilege to travel alone because laws requiring a guardian’s authority for a woman to be given a passport were withdrawn during this

Marketing Plan Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example Bearing in mind that there are other strategic competitors in this market such as Ring Central, MaxEmail has to adopt strategies that would give it a competitive advantage over its rivals. To accomplish this, Brumfitt, Barnes, Norris and Jones (2001) propose finding effective ways of addressing the competitive marketplace and supporting everyday operations. Customer targets According to Armstrong and Kotler (2003), only a fraction of the entire population in an area would buy the products from a firm. The task would therefore be to identify who these people are and then targeting the marketing efforts of the business towards them. This ensures that a business only deals with the target market that would be profitable. In the case of MaxEmail, the target market includes the 3 million users drawn from the government and business enterprises with whom it enters into contracts to provide communication. All marketing efforts would therefore be directed towards this target market. The limi ted marketing budget should be a reason for such a company to market to the 3 million users as it would be more efficient than generally marketing to the whole market. Customer segments In customer segmentation, an organization would identify different groups in the market based on their traits. There is more benefit in focusing marketing efforts on a group with similar characteristics, wants and needs that would be with a group comprising of undifferentiated people (Brumfitt et al., 2001). Customers could be segmented in various ways such as according to their demography, psychograph, geography and use. Focusing marketing efforts on a segment reduces expenses and increases revenue in an organization. There are a number of services and goods on offer at MaxEmail including fax machines and services such as fax on demand, fax broadcasting and spam checker (MaxEmail, 2012). It also provides internet services like photocopying. It would be necessary for the company to identify the vario us needs by the government, business enterprises and individuals then categorize its products in a similar fashion. This would see the firm serve each of these segments differently according to their needs and capabilities. Product position MaxEmail rides on the strength of its easy to use interface and voicemail services. The company has diversified its production to not only cover a range of fax machines but also various services that go hand in hand with this. This has been furthered by desirable customer service that gives it an edge over its rivals. Serving the government market gives it a competitive edge over its rival Ring Central which depends on individual buyers and businesses enterprises. Its lean stock makes management easy for the company. Nonetheless, the company’s products are perceived to be expensive as compared to what its rivals offer. Similarly, the products lack electronic signs which its rival Ring Central offers. The company thus faces threat from Ring Central especially now that its products are considered to be less expensive and largely diversified. Closely related to segmentation is product positioning. Product positioning entails the creation of a consistent, unique and recognized perception of customers on the general image of the organization and its products. The products or services provided by a company would be positioned based on the accompanying benefits, users, price, class, application and quality level (Armstrong &

College Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

College Life - Essay Example College life in these regions may differ a great deal, and it is with a great deal of effort that most students adapt from one environment to another (Snider 195). This paper will examine some aspects of college that are present in these regions, and how the differences that exist between the two set them apart from every other region. Various institutions have certain aspects that make them what they are in today’s modern world. It is imperative that institutions, especially higher learning ones, have certain aspects that can tie, attribute, or link their professionalism or success to their education system. Vast improvements in the nature of technology, the level of commitment when it comes to counseling and discipline, and even the protection and observation of individual rights in many institutions may be attributed to the rise in performance levels across the globe, hence; achievement of personal and overall goals and objectives in the different regions present (Snider 20 1). One aspect that requires attention from all fronts may be freedom exhibited in most higher learning institutions. Various scholars have discussed and dissected this aspect, and some of the implications that arise from it. Hodges James, O’Donnell James, and John William, â€Å"Cradle of conscience: Ohio’s independent colleges and universities.† 2003. ... g to the university life as they are able to choose the curriculum in which they want to enroll in, ranging from business, environmental safety and occupational health management. This progress has seen them increase structures in the famous Davis Street, which can now host some of their pharmacy programs. The capability of the university to house many students has enabled it to acquire different students, from all walks of life, to enroll in its different programs. Sadly, universities in Saudi Arabia may not have the same opportunities as universities in this region as it is difficult for them to integrate the learning system that is common in most learning institutions in the world. A lot has changed since the inception of the University. For example, it became the first university to offer the nation’s first bachelor’s degree in hazardous waste studies, which is referred to environmental safety and occupational health management. The technology available in the Unive rsity allows the various activities to take place, at the ease and convenience of the students. Saudi Arabia may need to look for inspiration in such advancement, and embrace the technological advancement that is seen in most of the campus innovative centers in American universities. The classrooms are now increasing in size and the structures modified to suit the diverse needs of students. One thing that stands out from Saudi Arabia universities is their provision of free education. The U.S is yet to embrace this, which means that most of the people in Saudi Arabia are being accorded the chance to achieve more in terms of education. An increase in the number of students indicates that people appreciate the University and all it offers. In Saudi Arabia, only a small number of students can be recorded

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Employment Law - Essay Example This paper focuses on the problems faced by a female employee named Jami Jensen in her workplace. She was hired by a big International Firm with numerous offices as well as a huge employee base just solely in the Western Region. It needs to be mentioned in this context that Jami was a woman of black origin. She was stated to witness certain unwanted attention from few of the male employees who were included in the group of employment selection at the time of her interview. These consequences proved ruining for her as she had to suffer emotional distress along with medical as well as psychiatric help. Sexual harassment is explained as the unwanted sexual approaches, calling for any kind of sexual favoritism or even other kind of physical as well as vocal behavior that is sexual in character and which is made towards a particular employee under certain specifically stated situations. It can be inferred that the sexual harassment was made to Jami on the base of the compliance or denial towards such a behavior was made to make decisions regarding her promotion. In response to the discrimination and the harassment faced by Jami Jensen, she is considered for tort claims under the state as well as the federal law. The damages that can be claimed by Jami for the civil wrong and sufferings caused to her is back pay where the company needs to provide the salary along with the fringe benefits if any to the employee that was supposed to be earned by that employee during the period of discrimination till the trial date.

Gated Communities and Segregation in The Tortilla Curtain by T.C.Boyle Essay

Gated Communities and Segregation in The Tortilla Curtain by T.C.Boyle - Essay Example Though segregation based on race, ethnicity, religion, etc., is now illegal, there are still some practices among the citizens like the existence of gated communities that cause segregation and racism. Although, one section of people views gated communities as a feasible and practical way of living, other sections view it as ‘islands’ which promote segregation. This issue of gated communities forms a subtle but a key part of the novel, The Tortilla Curtain written by T.C. Boyle and published by Viking Press in 1995. Boyle is a ‘Distinguished Professor’ of English at the University of Southern California and lives in the Santa Barbara. He has written over 12 novels as well as more than 100 short stories winning, with many of his works reflecting the issues and lifestyle of people living in California including The Tortilla Curtain. â€Å"The Southern California writer T. C. Boyle captures the separation that marks daily life in Los Angeles.† (Fuller, B ridges and Pai 145). Boyle sets his novel in the Topanga Canyon where the lives of two couples, who live an entirely different lifestyles, cross each other with tragic and at the same thought-provoking results. The main protagonist couple, Delaney, a sensitive writer about nature and Kyra Mossbacher, an obsessive real estate agent, move in to a newly gated community nestled among the natural surroundings called Arroyo Blanco. The other couple is the Mexican illegal immigrants, Candido and his pregnant wife America Rincon, who enter the American borders illegally wanting to achieve the American Dream of a prosperous life, but live in an awful condition in a makeshift camp deep in the Topanga Canyon. When a freak car accident involving Delaney and Candido happens, it leads to further interactions between the couples with their opposing worlds intersecting in a problematic and tragic manner. The interactions between the couples mainly arise due the setting of the gated community. Boyle paints the picture of a strictly conforming gated community, where all the houses were white with orange roofs. â€Å"†¦lay the massed orange tile rooftops of Arroyo Blanco† (Boyle 74). The private community gives a sense of exclusivity. The concept of a gated community, with a homeowners association, is to provide a safe neighborhood with all the facilities. However, when viewed from another perspective, by facilitating families of similar races and class to live closer together, while ‘ignoring’ other sections of the people, it is leading to segregation. Part 2: Gated community is the term given to the residential neighborhoods which have a surrounding wall and a main gate for entry. This form of residential living has become a key part of the new housing market, particularly in the urban areas. It is viewed as a new form of urbanism, under which public spaces in various geographical territories are being privatized. They have thus become a â€Å"symbol of metropolitan fragmentation and social segregation†, with segregation happening mainly along economic and racial lines (Le Goix 76a). Le Goix (9) further states that â€Å"gated communities are located within every kind of middle class and upper-class neighborhoods, with half of them are located within the rich, upper-scale and mostly white neighborhoods, and one third are located within

Death Penalty Essay Example for Free

Death Penalty Essay The Death Penalty The death penalty is a form of punishment in which a person who has been convicted of a serious crime is executed under the precept of the criminal justice system. The death penalty has been in existence for thousands of years and has gained wide acceptance in the United States since early colonial times. Even those who framed the Constitution specifically the Fifth Amendment approved of it though implicitly (McCord and Latzer 9). Despite the growing acceptance of the death penalty as an appropriate punishment for certain kinds of crimes such as first degree murders, there are still some people who argue against it on certain grounds. The debate as to the justification of the death penalty has raged on for a long time. On one hand, there are those who are of the opinion that the death penalty is a cruel punishment which is morally wrong and a violation of the right to life for its victims. Others defend their opposing views by citing the wave of abolition of other types of corporal punishment such as branding and flogging and propose that imprisonment should also replace the death penalty (McCord and Latzer 9). However, the death penalty has proved to be a punishment befitting certain crimes such as horrific murders as it is the ultimate punishment. It has taken many harmful elements off the streets besides acting as a deterrent for both the convicted criminals and other potential murderers out there. In essence, it has saved many innocent lives that otherwise would have fallen prey to the evil schemes of murderers. Indeed, there is no course more worthy than saving innocent lives. This essay presents an argument in support of the death penalty by considering its numerous benefits as backed up by ample evidence from credible sources. In order to build the argument, the essay shall also consider some of the opinions of those who oppose the death penalty. Death penalty is a good form of punishment considering that it prevents future murders by acting as a deterrent. Society has always employed different kinds of punishments in an effort to prevent potential criminals from committing crimes. In other words, there is always a drive to prevent future harm by learning from the mistakes of today. In this regard, the society has a fervent interest in protecting people’s lives from murderers. The best way to prevent murder is to use the strongest form of punishment which is the death penalty (Arguments for and Against the Death Penalty). Evidence from numerous  studies has proved that the death penalty has an inherent ability to deter would-be murderers from committing heinous crimes. In fact, the incapacitative benefits of the death penalty occur in two ways. Firstly, by apprehending and executing convicted individual murderers, death penalty totally eliminates any possibility of the criminal going back to the streets and killing again (Ogloff and Honeyman). Apart from this aspect referred to as specific deterrence, the death penalty has even a wider scope of incapacitative benefits through general deterrence. This is because, by executing people convicted of committ ing horrific murders, potential murderers would be restrained from killing people since they are conscious of what will come over them (Cassell and Bedau 32). Some opponents of the death penalty are of the opinion that the concept of deterrence rests on a shaky ground since it assumes that people always think before acting, so that their actions depend on their rational evaluation of the consequences. According to them, the assumption made here is that murderers will always think rationally before committing a crime and thus will opt not to commit murder in view of the imminent outcome which is the death penalty. In this regard, opponents of the death penalty nullify this assumption by noting that not all homicides are committed under circumstances that allow rational evaluation of the consequences. They cite homicides that are committed out of passionate hatred in which murderers, overcome by hatred towards their victims, have no time to contemplate about the ultimate consequences of their destructive behavior (Dorpat 114). However, this opposing opinion can only gain support in light of the fact that the Supreme Court only approves of death penalty if a criminal is convicted of premeditated first-degree murder. Just because murders committed out of the heat of passion are treated as second-degree murders in which death penalty does not apply, it does not nullify the deterrent ef fects of the death penalty. It does not also imply that the presence of death penalty in the criminal justice system lack the capacity to prevent the so-called second degree murders (Cassell and Bedau 32). Moreover, it cannot be implied that despite having the death penalty, homicides continue to be committed in the country. The outstanding issue is not whether the death penalty prevents every murder, but rather, whether some murders are deterred by the death penalty. Logic, firsthand reports, and statistics have proved that the death penalty at least deters  some murders (Cassell and Bedau 32). For instance, an analysis conducted by Isaac Ehrlich in 1973 indicated that at least seven lives were saved for every execution of a convicted murderer. This is because prospective murderers were deterred from going down the same path. Follow-up studies have generated similar results (Arguments for and Against the Death Penalty). Apart from acting as a deterrent, the death penalty stands out as the only punishment that can be equated with the crime of murder. It is worth noting that when a life is taken by another, an imbalance in the justice system is the outcome. If the imbalance is not corrected, society is left to a rule of violence. Therefore, in conformity with the requirement that the punishment accorded should be proportional to the magnitude of the crime committed, death penalty is the right way to go (Arguments for and Against the Death Penalty). Moreover, the U.S justice system is used to the trend of escalating punishments which then qualifies that the most heinous crimes should receive the most severe punishment. Some opponents of the death penalty have argued that death penalty is cruel and denies the person the right to life. However, many forget the extent of cruelty with which the victim was subjected to by the murderer. The pain that a murderer causes to the family of the victim is immense and death penalty is the most appropriate punishment that can guarantee justice. This is not forgetting that it will still not be enough since the affected family will not get back their loved one (Siegel 513). Some opposing arguments have implied that the death penalty is a costly venture which overburdens the taxpayers. This argument does not represent the truth since more expenses are incurred by locking up killers for their entire lives. When these prisoners grow old and become vulnerable to many illnesses, the taxpayers are overburdened even further by the medical expenses. No one wants to spend his/her resources suporting killers when there is a justified means of preventing such costs and delivering justice (Guernsey 62). The death penalty is morally correct as it is even mentioned in the Bible. At the time the U.S constitution was drafted, the death penalty was widely accepted and does not qualify as unusu al. According to opponents of the death penalty, the punishment amounts to revenge and that a mature society should not respond by inflicting immediate pain to the point of death. They argue that the response to murderers should be more measured as the death penalty is too extreme,  violates respect for life, and encourages violence (Arguments for and Against the Death Penalty). However, they forget that allowing murderers to live degrades the value that the society places on lives and perpetuates imbalance in the justice system. It creates a society where the families of the victims suffer psychological torture trying to understand how they could lose their loved ones in the hands of criminals who continue to live. Therefore, death penalty is a way of bringing murder crimes to a closure (Arguments for and Against the Death Penalty). It serves to underscore that murder is one crime which when committed, amounts to the murderer forfeiting his/her right to live (Siegel 513). The debate on the legitimacy of the death penalty has also seen hot contention regarding what opponents term as discriminative application of the penalty, where the blacks seem to be targe ted than the whites. They argue that even in cases where whites have committed a similar crime for which blacks receive the ultimate punishment, they end up being given lesser punishment. Some have pointed to the findings of Baldus which alludes to these kinds of racial disparities in the 1970s particularly in Georgia (Hill 190). However, recent studies have indicated that Baldus findings cannot be used to represent the current situation where cases are scrutinized more closely to avoid partial or discriminative justice. Moreover, the argument that similar crimes should receive the same sentence is untenable if not misguided. This is because; prosecutors and juries have the right to their own discretion so that the details of similar crimes may be interpreted differently. Furthermore, the Supreme Court has asserted that it would be unconstitutional to have a death penalty that universally applies to all first-degree murders (Arguments for and Against the Death Penalty). Statistics show that contrary to previous trends where it seemed like the death penalty was racially discriminative, more whites are actually executed than black people. In addition, death sentence cannot be overturned on the basis of disproportionate representation of blacks who are on death row since this might only indicate that more murders are committed by blacks (Arguments for and Against the Death Penalty). Another argument that has dominated the corridors of justice in relation to the death penalty is the opposing opinion that there is a significant chance of an innocent person being executed by mistake. Thus, opponents regard the death penalty as an unreliable punishment by alluding to statistics that  date back to the 1970s when such incidences were notable though rare. The fact of the matter is, given the system of appeals that has been set in place through numerous federal and state courts, it is almost impossible to see such mistakes being made (Arguments for and Against the Death Penalty). Moreover, there are better methods of scrutinizing evidence such as DNA profiling in forensics which are widely used to make the justice system achieve greater efficiency. Opponents of the death penalty cannot provide a solid argument on the grounds of innocent people being executed since there is no proof to this effect. Even if such incidences occurred, they are extremely rare. In an effort to build their case, some opponents of the death penalty rely on the claims of innocence propagated by those who have been pardoned from death row after many years. However, most of these people are re leased due to legal technicalities and can never be taken to mean that they are actually innocent (Arguments for and Against the Death Penalty). From this argument, it is clear that the death penalty is a valuable tool in our criminal justice system whose legitimacy cannot be downplayed by any amount of opposing views. It is the ultimate punishment that is founded on the U.S Constitution. By acting as a deterrent, it saves many lives every time a convicted murderer is executed. It is also a punishment that restores balance in the universal justice system and underscores the high value that the society places on human lives. Opponents of the death penalty fail to present a solid argument that innocent people may be or have been executed by mistake and that the application of the death penalty is racially discriminative. It would be unnecessary to rely on statistics accumulated 4 or 5 decades ago and overlook the current improvements that have been made to refine the justice system. The death penalty remains a morally and constitutionally legitimate punishment.

Reggio Emilia and Montessor Pedagogy Approaches

Reggio Emilia and Montessor Pedagogy Approaches The purpose of this essay is to critically analyse two curriculum pedagogical approaches. The two approaches that will be discussed in this essay are Reggio Emilia and Montessori. There will be an in-depth analysis of the two philosophies and how they are different or similar to each other. It will also include the differing views on the image of a child, role of the teacher and the inclusion of parents and family. There will also be some discussion on the critics of both approaches and the relevance to Te Whariki. Reggio Emilia (RE) is a small city in the Emilia Romagna region of Northern Italy. After the Second World War the people of RE urgently needed to build their lives, not only materially, but also socially and morally. In this time there was a powerful force behind the development of early childhood services (Thornton and Brunton, 2005). The women wanted to build a preschool to provide a new form of education that the next generation would not tolerate inequality and injustice. There was a strong sense of hope for the future arising from the adversity of the past (Thornton, 2005, p4). The Reggio philosophy was developed and shaped by the social and cultural influences in the area. Loris Malaguzzi was the inspiration behind the educational experience in Reggio Emilia. Maria Montessori was born in the year 1870 in Central Italy. According to Standing (1957, p45) Montessori was a strong minded, vivacious and determined child, displaying the kind of independence so highly valued in Montessori schools to this day. Montessori graduated as a doctor in 1896 and was the first woman in Italy to do so. In her early clinical experience she became a supporter of social reform, mainly as it related to the well being of women and children. She argued that enhancing the quality of the environment in which children lived was a way of eliminating poverty, inequality, illness, and criminality. This argument became the foundations of Montessoris lifes work. In 1907 she opened a school for slum children. The school was called Childrens House. It was an environment in which in children from the slums were advancing rapidly in learning. She than decided to abandoned her medical/academic careers and devoted her life to promoting her educational method (Feez, 2010). Malaguzzi was a social constructivist and was influenced by some of the most renown progressive educators and psychologist such as Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Montessori, Dewey (Edwards, 2003). Malaguzzi includes Vygotskys concept of Zone of Proximal as crucial to the foundations of children teacher relationships. There is also a value for the operation of thought and language together in building symbolic representation of thoughts, ideas and feelings (Berk, 2007) Malaguzzi believed that children were social from birth, full of intelligence and active explorers (Gandini, 1997). Montessori was influenced by the work of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Itard and Seguin. Montessoris interest was more practical than theoretical, but her theoretical view was based on Rousseaus work. Like Rousseau she argues that children think and learn differently then adults. Montessori education gives children freedom to explore the environment through their senses but they are given little external guidance on what to pay attention to and how to think about discoveries (Feez, 2010). To find an approach that provided opportunities for freedom and at the same time helping children adapt to society, Montessori looked at the work of French doctor Itard and Seguin. It was Seguin method which Montessori used successfully to teach deficient children in the 1980s, and when she used the same approach in 1907 to educate street children she was amazed at what unfolded. The RE philosophy was influenced by Malaguzzi. Malaguzzi emphasises that the theory which provides the underpinnings for the Reggio approach requires ongoing communication and dialogue, teachers as co-researchers alongside children, and revisiting ideas, guides and practice. Children are seen as a community of learners. It recognises the importance of ways in which children learn and consider each child as gifted. Children with disabilities have the full participation into the structure and are spoken to as children with special rights (Gandini, 1997). In the Reggio approach there is no predetermined curriculum. Short term and long term projects are developed from childrens interest, first hand experiences and their working theories about the world (Rinaldi, 2006). Children are encouraged to grow in competence to represent and symbolise ideas, feelings through any of the hundred languages. The teacher follows the childs interest and do not provide instructions for reading and writing, however they promote emergent literacy as children manipulate and communicate ideas and feelings. As children progress through the infant-toddler centre, or preschool, they stay with the same teachers. This provides opportunities for a strong relationship between the staff, children and their families to be nurtured over the long period. The RE approach identifies the environment as a third teacher between children, parent and teachers. Malaguzzi describes the physical environment and the availability of resources as the product of complex interactions, many of which can be realised only when the environment is a fully participating element (Thornton, 2005, p43). Teachers in a Reggio centre provide amiable environments which encourages exploration, exchanges, and communication. Montessori believed that her pedagogy was based on logical, scienctific inquiry. According to Montessori, from birth to three is the time of the unconscious absorbent mind whereas age three to six is considered as time for the conscious absorbent mind. In both these times, the child seeks sensory input, regulation for movement, order and freedom to choose and explore deeply with interpretation in a carefully planned environment which encourages the child to choose well. In a Montessori classroom children are in mixed groups spanning from birth to three years and teachers move with the child through the three year cycle (Feez, 2010). The exercises of practical life skills are an important part of the curriculum. It is based on ways people in the culture relate to each other socially, as well as ways in which they complete everyday tasks. Language also relates to the exercises of practical life, as children use it in different ways to interact and communicate with others. In a Montessori view any resource that is unrelated to the educational purpose of material has a potential to distract and confuse the child (Feez, 2010). Children have limited freedom to what they can and can not do in a Montessori classroom, for example to be disruptive, aggressive and disorderly. The Montessori environment is planned ahead of time to ensure that children have as much freedom and independence as possible. The approach emphasises on real things in the environment which requires hands on interactions. A Montessori classroom allows opportunities for meaningful learning in self chosen activities, and purposeful activities which requires concentration (Feez, 2010). The Reggio view of the child is central to its philosophy. The child is referred to as a rich in potential, strong, powerful and competent. At the centre of the pedagogy is the child who is confident in building relationships; who holds his or her own values; who wants to be respected and valued for himself as well as holding a respect for others; who embodies a curiosity and open mindedness to all that is possible (Thornton, 2005). Children are encouraged to develop their own working theories of the world and to explore this in greater depth. Children ideas are respected so that children feel unafraid to make mistakes or reconstructing their ideas. Self confidence and self image is fostered through discussion which promotes creativity. The notion of the hundred languages was Malaguzzis interpretation of recognising the value of all forms of expression and communication in which children interpret the world and represent their ideas and theories. Montessori philosophy view children as intelligent, active, reality based self regulating and self righting. Montessori believed that in order for them to live a quality life, they need to be prepared as competent, responsible and adaptive citizens who are life long learners and problem solvers. Childrens free chosen activity is regarded as work. Through a Montessori lens childrens works is seen as orientation towards future achievements and play that involves purposeful effort and concentration. Montessoris view on punishments and rewards to make children pay attention were regarded as forced and unnatural. She saw it as a form of slavery from which children needed to be released (Feez, 2010). The teachers in both approaches share a common goal in childrearing. They both regard themselves as nurtures, partners and guides to children. They depend on the environment as a pedagogical tool which is carefully prepared and aesthetically pleasing. Partnership with parents is highly valued in both approaches. However their contrasting view on a childs learning has lead them act different roles in a classroom. Reggio teachers are seen a learner, enthusiastically seeking new knowledge alongside children. Children and teachers are seen as co-researches in everyday process rather than a specialised activity. They provide tools, materials, resources and provide help when needed. Each class has two teachers who work collaboratively as a team. The teachers plan in collaboration with the pedagogista and the aterlierista. The pedagogista helps maintain high quality standards whereas the aterlierista promotes expression through different forms of media and symbol systems (Vecchi, 2010). Malaguzzi suggest that once children are helped to perceive themselves as authors and interventions, and to find the pleasure of inquiry, there motivation and interest will expand (Edwards, Gandini, Forman, 1998) In a Montessori classroom teachers are considered as directors which refers to someone who guides and draws others together. The role of the director is to provide a prepared environment and connect children with it. Montessori also emphasised the role of an educator as an observer rather than teacher. The method of observation still remains an important component of Montessori teacher training till this day (Torrence and Chattin-Mc Nicholas, 2009). The aim of the teacher is to help and encourage children to be independent, gain confidence and disciple so that there are minimal reasons for teachers to intervene (Feez, 2010). Teachers give children lessons (also called presentations) to show children how to use materials or how to act in the environment. Children are free to choose activities after they have had a lesson on how to do the activity. They intervene as little as possible to allow children to make good choices. In both approaches parent/families play an important part in their childs learning and development and are seen as partners alongside teachers. They are included in all decisions concerning their child and their input is highly valued. Parents receive extensive description about their children daily life and progress. Portfolios and other forms of children work maybe displayed and sent home as key intervals and transitions (Edwards, 1998). Respecting relationships are considered one of the most essential components of the RE approach. The relationships established between parents, children and teachers are key elements in supports childrens learning and development. Relationships are built on reciprocal, requiring mutual trust and respect. The Reggio term the pedagogy of listening emphasises listening as openness and wiliness to value the point of others. The first preschools were founded by the parents as a symbolic of hope and desire of better futures for their children. Therefore parental participation has always been important part of the Reggio approach. At the time a child enters an infant-toddler centre/preschool, the parents are considered as active participants in the ongoing educational process. The programme is designed to make families feel at home and an important part of the structure. This gives educators the opportunity to get to know families and understand their unique perspective of their own child. The Montessori approach includes parent/families in learning that concerns their child. Strong relationships are established between teachers and parents to follow the childs progress in home and classroom. Regular dialogue and written feedback gives parents information about their childs experiences and learning. Teachers provide suggestion on how parents can continue to use the Montessori approach at home. Parents are welcome to borrow resources and books and have many opportunities to learn about the Montessori philosophy and practice. One criticism to the RE approach is regarding the role of teachers as co-researchers along side children. Malaguzzi called this open review method a circle of idea. The idea that children learn through interactions and exploration of ideas with educators is regarded as thinking critically about difficult questions rather than problem solving. Another criticism is placed on the importance of the environment in the Reggio approach. The environment is referred to as the third teacher. It is argued that if the Reggio focus is on children and interactions and the use of space further encourages and supports this interactions and that the curriculum is adaptable to the changing interest to the child, so too does the design and environment change. Therefore the environment is a ship of motion rather than an unchangeable landmark (Rinaldi, 2006). It is argued that Montessori education does not allow children the opportunity for learning to learn. In a Montessori view a child had learned when they correctly finished the activity. It is an end state reached when the task is mastered. According to Crain (2011) in the real world children need to learn how to learn, to quickly adapt to changing environments and to create new environments. The Montessori approach does not allow for critical thinking or exploration it is rather a method of perfection. Freedom for initiative and creativity is limited. Teachers have firm rules about how tasks are done, and a child finds a way to manipulate the material which they are happy with, the teacher would not consider this satisfactory. The teacher will then encourage the child to keep working on the same activity until is completed the way it should be. This hinders children imagination and creativity (Gardner, 1966). Finally, both approaches make significant links Te Whariki. The principles of Family and Community and Relationships shows relevance to both approaches as parent/family are considered partners in the learning of their children. The strand of well being and belonging is evident in both approaches, as teachers support each individual child learning and development. Well being (Goal 1) supports the Montessori practice of practical skills where the children learn self help and self care skills (Ministry of Education, 1996). The strand of Contribution supports RE practice to explore as groups or individuals. Each child has the opportunity to express their idea. Group projects encourage children to learn with and along side others. The strand of Communication relates more to Reggio Emilia, than it does to Montessori practice. Communication and dialogue is an important tool which teachers use to extend childrens learning. Teachers support and allow children to be creative and expressive. This goal of non verbal and verbal communication shows relevance to the Hundred Languages (Edwards, 1998). The strand of exploration is also more relevant to the Reggio Emilia approach than Montessori, as Montessori is more structured and tasks are demonstrated on how it should be done, therefore it does not really allow for exploration. Exploration is seen a vital concept in the Reggio approach as teacher recognise the important of spontaneous play and allow children to follow their interest in more depth. Teachers become co-researchers with children to develop working theories and make sense of the world (MOE, 1996) In conclusion, RE and Montessori are both child-centred approaches and have many similarities as well as differences. Both approaches were established to turn away from violence/war and to give children the opportunity to realise their full potential as creative, intelligent individuals. In both approaches children are viewed as active partners in their own development and learning. The environment serves as a pedagogical tool for teachers to provide an aesthetically pleasing environment which provides children with freedom and opportunities for exploration. The teacher plays an important part in both approaches; however their contrasting views on the nature of children and their learning lead them to act different roles. A Reggio Teacher regards themselves as co-researchers alongside children, whereas a Montessori teacher sees themselves as a director or observer. In both approaches parents are seen as equal partners in their child learning and development. Overall, the Reggio Emili a approach provides children with opportunities for open ended exploration, whereas the Montessori approach is more structured and aims to provide opportunities for children to chose freely and gain independence.

The success of ALDI

The success of ALDI ABSTRACT In the new era of information technology, we have seen the large migration of interrelated software and from research; I found that the grouping of software called the Enterprise systems. On this hypothesis, I worked on ALDI one of the biggest super market in Europe and profitable as well compared with other giant super market. The reason, why I am choosing ALDI is because it is near to where I am living and also this will help me to find and gather more information to work on in the thesis. I am also curious why they are selling cheaper products with good quality than other super market and also the reason behind their success? I did research on it and please see detail below for more instructive information. This case study introduces what Enterprise System and the important role in ALDI or other organizations. Therefore, I would like to introduce how this structure is intended to be legalizes with experiential substantiation and the expected contributions of the research to academ ia and business. What is ALDI? ALDI is an excellent in global retailing industry and it is citied by Europe as largest retailer, the network proved of success by going against virtually every standard of super marketing. Mr. Brandes said: The Aldi system is not exclusively a retail discount system, but the management and organisation system that can be applied in any business. ALDI is secretly held by brothers Theo and Karl Albrecht established in 1993, Aldi Group is Germanys leading grocery store network. Early of 1990s the company established and operated 3,000 stores under the Aldi, Hofer, and Combi names in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Austria, the United States, France, and the United Kingdom. Unlike the vast majority of supermarket chains, which are continuously increasing their product offerings and selling space, Aldi holds selection at its stores to about 700 items. (Dieter Brandes 2000)C:UserskbalaDesktopEShead_logo_blue.gif In 1993 examination of the limited-assortment function noted that flourishing discounters (like Aldi) work strongly with manufacturers to design products that are cheaper to convey, stock, and sell than branded goods. National brands are occasionally offered, but many business observers hypothesize that Aldi only stocks them to emphasize its own discounts. While Aldi has experienced huge success in its will do attitude to develop its power globally, its performances have had a prominent effect. Nevertheless, from the research I found Aldis pioneering in Internationalisation and spurred to the changed of the global retail food organisation. In 1993 the Economist confirmed that cross-border mergers, acquisitions and alliances in European Community food-retailing, almost unknown a few years ago, are already growing. (Economist 1998) Former ALDI manager Dieter Brandes reveals the objectives that strengthen ALDI do, starting with simplicity. The system is not only a retail discount system but the management and organisation can be applied any to business. From the research, I found companies such as Wal-Mart and General Motor getting more complex in management but ALDI empowered of simplicity, so I identified the simplicity of the system and management, the retailer can offer discount rate of goods. An Enterprise System (ES), what does it mean? Around the world, organizations are expanding and are connecting one business function with another business to another business unit (integrated business). ESThe diagram below is summarise of the fundamentals of an ES, as from here we can see the benefits of implementing an ES in ALDI The Components of Enterprise System Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) ERP is an integrated computer-based system that handles internal and external resources, including financial resources, materials, stocks and human resources in ALDI. Activities undertaken internally from system development to implementation and maintenance, and the management of all these processes cover a greater number of staff. ERP systems also merge all business operations into a uniform and enterprise-wide system environment. Material Requirements Planning (MRP) MRP which is phases orders for dependent-demand items over a period to coordinate flow of materials and in in-process inventories for an example (BOM software-Bill of Materials) with manufacture schedules. It also calculate and tracks consequence of hundreds of variables such as new orders, changes in various capacities, clogged production centers, shortages, and delays by suppliers for an example (Inventory Status File software ISF), and feeds financial data into the accounting system. Distribution Requirements Planning (DRP) DRP is generally used with an MRP system, even though most DRP models are more inclusive than stand-alone MRP models. The fundamental basis for DRP is to more precisely predict demand and then use that information to increase delivery schedules. This way, distribution in ALDI can reduce inbound supply by using MRP in combination with additional schedules. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) One important role in Enterprise System is an integrated information system that is used to plan, schedule and control the presales and post sales actions in a business. The primary goal of CRM is to improve long-term growth and profitability through a better understanding of customer behavior. In the compartment interconnecting CRM, Customer Experience Management (CEM) playing significant role to collect automated information. ERP systems also integrated CRM systems that deal directly with the customers, or the eBusiness such as e-Commerce, e-Government, e-Telecom or supplier relationship management (SRM) systems. Control and Enhance Business activity with SCM and EDI SCM (Supply Chain Management) is to control the process of the series of activities that move products from suppliers. It is ideal for operations for ALDI that require rapid order entry procedures, visibility of process from the order entry screen, and extensive serial tracking capabilities. In addition, the software provides extensive shipping and multi-warehousing management capabilities in ALDI. There are fundamentally 3 goals of SCM: to decrease inventory, to boost the pace of transactions with real-time or online data exchange, and to amplify returns by fulfilling customer demands more resourcefully. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and e-Procurement we can set goals; and predict, optimize, and schedule time, materials, and other resources with EDI activities: The inventory tracking is significantly facilitated throughout Web-based ordering (Web 2.0 or e-Mobile) and the softwares ability to integrate with bar-code-readers with the retail Point of Sales (POS) system. E Commerce Internet, the most powerful tool of the new era of ES technology, it has transformed the business methodologies and dramatically impacted the communication with customers. The formation of faster internet connectivity and influential online tools has resulted in a new commerce arena Ecommerce. The advantage of introducing Ecommerce in ALDI and its customers are as follows: This revolution is particularly common in business-to-business (B2B) commercial. Many of the Fortune 500 companies have adopted e-commerce systems such as Amazon, Tesco, IBMs etc. E-commerce can be developing XML (cXML, or Commerce Extensible Markup Language) specification for the messages. The XML Common Business Library (xCBL) as the format of messages, and mySAP uses the Open Catalog Interface between buyer and seller systems Cast study According to Glen Petersen, author of ROI: Building the CRM Business Case, the most successful CRM systems are found in organizations that realign their business model for effectiveness, not just redesign their information systems. The other benefit of the ES approach is to have the same version and method information systems for the whole branches whether in ALDI in Ireland or ALDI in Denmark. The information stored in systems stored once and at the same time it will avoid any duplication and save money as well. As a result, there is no wasted effort and no variation of data. This can be done via Database Management Systems Server (DBMS), so the new opening branches need to network to DBMS server to download programs, product details, etc. The integrated systems will flow seamlessly across diverse business strategy, business units, and geographic boundaries. Eventually, most of transactions currently are use integrated system to running business operation such as purchasing, invoicing, cashiering, (inserting, updating, manipulating and reporting data) etc. The integrated system that sound general but number of companies implemented, implementing such systems called an Enterprise Systems Developments of Enterprise Systems From my research and the inspiration by Peter Checkland the best method before designing, the phases should analyze with Soft System Methodology (SSM) before Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC) taking process. SSM was developed during the 1970s, the methodology surfaced from systems engineering. The system engineering unable to scope with complex system, so the SSM grew stronger till up to date. The SSM, to handle the complexity where the ALDI could recognize and understand the global needs. A complexity where SSM is appropriate is in deciding how ALDI should make use of the information technology. Please see below the sample of SSM process though CATWOE analysis: The next stage of SSM is SLDC. SLDC is life cycle for the project management technique that alienated complex phases into smaller part. Segmentation of phases easier to manage and substantiate the successful completion for ALDI. Please see below the subsequent phases: System realization and implementation Initial feasibility of project C:UserskbalaDesktopEShead_logo_blue.gif Various testing phases integration system, testing and debugging Project planning and designing The phases-analyst, structured and documentation Actual programming and coding phases Implementation an Enterprise System in ALDI Enterprise systems have enabled cost-effective business processes and contributed to the improvement in process efficiencies. The Enterprise systems start from back-office an automating the business transactions that customer do not care about. In eye of people, although back office systems not offer reimbursement they do important role for an organizations. Poorly, operating of back office can lead to unsatisfied customers, suppliers or tax officer and also cant generate accurate accounting final reports. So, in my observations, moved or transforms into ES it will supporting supply chains of optimization, sales force automation and improve customer service. When implementing ES, most organisations are required to do significant changes and to (re)design processes according to the best practices embedded in ES. This is considered the most challenging issue in ES projects (Davenport 2000, Shanks et al. 2003). Robey et al. (2002) suggest that ES implementation can be understood as dialectic of learning. ES create new opportunities but also new challenges and difficulties for both users and implementers and influence ES development. The implementations of system in ALDI, can be done in either by installing more comprehensive software or by installing complementary software applications-it called Bolt on systems (from 3rd party software company). In addition to the issues that relate to change management, the legacy systems still maintained by many large organizations such as ALDI for some specific applications, along with the ERP system, are posing further challenges for the business processes. ALDI have been successful in capitalizing on enterprise systems are striving to continuously improve their business processes and the fit between processes and information systems, and how they support their business needs and models. The Database Management Systems (DBMS) and Strategy The database for Aldi, why we need it and its used for? Why is it important for an organisation or to ALDI? From the research that I have been through and found the most common uses for databases and the deep impact for the Aldi or any organisations. Storing Information Data Modelling is to control and manage large volumes of data. Database is a kind of program that enables the user to store information. A database system provides electronic and easy to insert, update, retrieve and store information. In order to avoid of duplication and reduce data redundancy, in DBMS the feature embedded and is called Normalisation. Multiple Users Access The super power in database technology allows multiple access and update information and to be instantly viewable by all users. It is improve communication internally and externally but also ensures the server distribute equally with load balancer via (file, print, database and application server) Application Server DATABASE SERVER http://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/networks/image/client-server.gif Data dictionary Organisational Structure Log Files Master Data Programs Transaction Data Please see above the Tiered of Configurations and the Layer of Database Security and Protection Database security indicates the system, processes, and procedures that defend a database from illegal activity. DBMSs frequently impose security through access control (manages who can connect to the database via authentication and what they can do via authorization), auditing (records information about database activity. Encryption (protects data at the lowest possible level by storing and possibly transmitting data in an unreadable form. The DBMS encrypts data when it is added to the database and decrypts it when returning query results). Centralization of Database Centralised database, information congregation and distribution ensuring reliability of data across the region and producing economies of scale. The centralisation of database is to ease maintaining accurately updated of data that easily accessed to DBMS via File Sharing and Networking tools. Maintenance Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) feature maintenance tools to easily maintain, test, repair and back up the databases housed in the system. Enable to access to Web The new technology of data storage and retrieval via XML with connected with DBMS, where the ability to access information any part of world. Cut Down On Staff A database that is used efficiently will lessen the need for extra man power to maintain the system. Although, the DBMS can account for an initial investment, it will more than pay for itself after long-term active use. Reduces Data Duplications Object Linking and Embedding, Database (OLE DB) uses the Component Object Model (COM) which reduces unnecessary duplication of data at high level degree, not only among diverse information sources but also among existing database. Money, Money, Money: When choosing a database, one of your first decisions is going to be about money. How much are you willing to spend for your database? Free databases exist, but remember the maxim: software isnt free, you are. In this context, if you get a free database package, it will be up to you to install, configure and administer it. Tech target.com Queries The tremendous of DBMS is Queries, tool embedded in system enable the database administrator to retrieve information and present in a predefined format. There are number of database management system available in today informative world, such as SQL Structured Query Language (SQL). SQL is computer language for designing and manipulating database systems. The SQL work database programs like MS Acesss, Oracle, Sybase, etc Example of SQL to control user with DCL: The Data Control Language (DCL) authorizes users and groups of users to access and manipulate data. Example: GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON My_table TO some_user, another_user; REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON My_table FROM some_user, another_user; Barriers of Implementation of Enterprise System in ALDI Cost and Financial barriers Financial barriers should in fact be the biggest barrier. The implementation of ES to millions, tens of millions, for small and medium enterprises, and ultimately to create value or by products, ES, at best, is an information platform. ES in the short term, apart from helping to cultivate and to help staff the concept, the negative returns. As for the long-term interests, for the efficiency gains and cost reduction, but also fundamentally corporate will produce fundamental changes in the structure of the self-optimization path. Another significant of implementing is the initial setup and preliminary expenses time and the cost through with adaptation, adjustments and training. For a business that only receives one P.O. per year from a client, fully integrated CRM, MPR and EDI may not make economic scale. In this case, businesses may implement inexpensive solutions. For other businesses, the implementation of an integrated ES solution may be necessary as increases in trading volumes brought on by EDI force them to re-implement their order processing business processes. Tools Many ES initiatives have failed because the tools werent available enough to end users so the ES (e-commerce, DW and a complex of business intelligence system), capabilities were never really applied. Users regularly used the DBMS system to pull data from the warehouse and import it into Excel, bypassing the systems analytic capabilities that, to them, seemed overly complex or not very useful. Despite this fact, we can see the complexity of systems and all about the related to financial matter to buy hardware and developing a complex programming (Java, Delphi, Pearl and C ++) and end with re-engineering of ES if the current system not useful for management and users. People People who have the information, industry skill, and objective to succeed are sometimes unenthusiastic to embrace new technologies. This can be internal or external of people, when implementing advance ES, an organisation should value and estimate the level of education and culture with the current location. There are several factors: Employee are comfy and secure with the expertise of current factors The leadership issue, the senior management will have to look hard to find a business minded leader (project manager) wise and technology savvy leader. Such people are scarce. Management must choose that person carefully in order to complete tasks according to get the most productive and efficient leader for the organisation to maximise the use of the system. Inadequately information is communicated about the technology that is being adopted and deployed; Lack of training and empowerment between management and staffs Without proper hiring of staff or human resources it is consider as one of the Information System (IS) barriers with the implementation for they are the one who gives the specifications, requirements and standard that help to develop and improve the functionalities of any business organization. Communication also adds up to impediments of technology, every staff member and manager must work together as a team to be able to be successful in achieving one goal. Unskilled staff The system must be prolong and supervise from time to time and the staff who will handle the operation must be well trained and have a capability on maintaining the system. By unskilled staff inside the organization will add up to the barriers to the realization of the system. Technical Problems: IT Infrastructure Deficient of a sharing, reliable computing and network infrastructure to address the needed teamwork for the implementation. When an organisation deficient an IT infrastructure there will be a complexity in operating technology supported programs with consistency from one office to the other or building to building. It also slows and complicates communication among the organization or others. Unworkable time frames Most information systems take considerably longer than initially planned. The timing issue delay and attempt to serious technical hitches in planning for and regulating to changes in operations. Difficulty of data collection and management Data collection is measured to be the most crucial and tricky part of implementing an Information System (IS) for it is the establishment of the entire system process. Thus, these convey what the system is all about, its capacity and limitations. Conclusion Enterprise systems affect nearly all aspects of organizational life, not only at the point of start-up but also throughout their operational lives. Indeed, an organizations enterprise system affects its need and ability to upgrade or convert to more modern technologies. . In this paper, I have attempted to tackle the pro-innovation bias present in many of the reasons reported for the adoption of ES packages. I have gone through the benefits and barriers that are relating the Enterprise System. The Enterprise System can be a companys best asset when it is used correctly, however if not it will not yield much saving for a company. It is best suitable for the large organisation such as ALDI. My overall research does not recommend that a company blindly put in place Enterprise System without proper knowledge, research, technique, methodologies and analysis for a term of modernisation. Nevertheless, for that reason, the analysis with SSM and Enterprise System life cycle playing significant roles of the developing integrated business intelligence system. Overall, new organisational structure need challenge to new Globalisation Information Systems (GIS) to centralised on establishing data communication, IT infrastructure, e-business and DBMS to positing of the global organisation in the international economy.

Graves Disease Essay -- Graves disease Biology Essays

Graves' Disease The disease was first noted in 1786 by Caleb Hillier Parry 1755- 1822, physician from General Hospital, Bath, England. His account was published posthumously in 1825. However Graves' disease is named after the Irish physician who described several cases in London Medical Journal in 1835. Graves' disease is also known as Parry's disease. In Europe, the disease is known as Basedow's disease. It is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis (the morbid condition due to over activity of the thyroid gland). The disorder has three major manifestations: Hyperthyroidism with diffuse goiter Ophthalmopathy and Dermopathy The three manifestations need not appear together. Indeed one or two never appear, and moreover, the three may run courses that are largely independent of one another. Graves' disease can occur at any age but is unusual before puberty. It most commonly affects the 30 to 50 year age group. The disease is more frequent in women, the ratio of predominance in women may be as high as 7 : 1. Genetic factors play a role. There is an association between the disease and the genes HLA ( human leucocyte antigen) B8, -DRw3, -Bw36, -Bw46. Indeed, a 50% concordance is found between identical twins. This means that if one individual in an identical pair of twins is afflicted with Graves' disease, the likelihood of the other sibling coming down with Graves' is 50%. Being an autoimmune disease, there is a clinical and immunologic overlap between Graves' disease and other diseases with prominent autoimmune features. These include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, pernicious anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE), rheumatoid arthritis ( RA), insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus ( IDDM), and Addison's disease. Thyroid hormones are important mediators of growth and differentiation. The absence of which leads to cretins in childhood. The hormones are also responsible for the regulation of the various metabolic pathways which are vital for life. They are necessary for the normal function of many organ systems. In the thyroid gland, multiple follicles make, store and release thyroid hormones into the surrounding capillaries. These little vessels then bring the hormones to the rest of the body where they are needed. "Thyroid hormones" refers mainly to two hormones T3 and T4, which are single, amino acids containing iodine. They are p... ...tient is willing to take replacement Thyroxine for life, the simplest approach may be the use of radioiodine. There are arguments for and against giving radioiodine to children and young persons who plan to have children. Previously, clinicians are unwilling to advise its use under the age of 45. This restriction is now rapidly being laxed as there is no convincing evidence that there is significant increase in the incidence of cancers occurring in adulthood secondary to its usage. Radioiodine can ensure that mothers are not taking anti- thyroid drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Therefore, an argument can be made for using this treatment method for all age groups except when pregnant or breastfeeding. Relapse of Graves' disease after medical therapy may be managed with a second course, but at this point radioiodine is preferred. During pregnancy and breastfeeding periods, PTU ( propylthiouracil) appears to be the safest drug to use. And surgery is advised in cases with the presence of concomitant suspicious nodule. Each of the 3 major treatments ( anti- thyroid drugs, surgery and radioactive iodine) has their own advantages and disadvantages compared to the others.

Moving Away at a Young Age Essay -- Personal Narrative Moving Essays

Moving Away at a Young Age Moving far away from family and friends can be tough on a child at a young age. It has its pros and cons. One learns how to deal with moving away from the people they love and also learn how to deal with adjusting to new ways of life. Everything seems so different and at a young age one feels like they have just left the whole world behind them. That was an experience that changed my life as a person. It taught me how to deal with change and how to adjust. It developed me from a young boy into a mature young man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The day I moved away, a lot of things were going through my young mind. As I took my last look at my home, I remembered all the fun times I had with my family and friends through out my life. Now I was moving 800 miles away from all of that with no insight on what lied ahead for me. As my family and I drove away from our Michigan home, I looked out the window wondering what Virginia would be, and what my friends were doing. A lot of things were going through my mind at the time. At the time my main worry was if I would make any friends, and how I would adjust to everything. During the whole drive down, my mother would often let me know that everything would be all right and I would like it. Trying to be strong and hold back my tears, I just shook my head no, wondering why we had to move so far away. Life would be different for me and I knew it would. Adjusting to an atmosphere and new people had its ups and downs. Everybody ta...

A Case Study of Google Recruiting

A Case Study of Google Recruiting Google’s recruitment process is famously difficult, with candidates having to face multiple interviews (we've heard stories of ‘double figures') while those with sound work experience have been turned down due to having less than perfect college grades. As the company continues its rapid expansion, it has been forced to streamline this process, with Google co-founder Sergey Brin acknowledging last year that the company's high bar for hiring was holding back its expansion. Google has increased its workforce by an average of 16 people daily, from 1,628 at the end of 2003 to 3,021 in 2004 and 5,680 at the end of last year. Candidates have had to endure interviews with various different Google staff, as well as facing aptitude tests like this one. The average number of interviews for those offered a job at Google dropped from 6. 2 at the beginning of the year to 5. 1 in June. The company is said to be considering speeding up the process to prevent candidates accepting other jobs while waiting for a reply from Google. Candidates shouldn’t expect an easy ride though. According to the  Wall Street Journal, Google Chief Executive Eric Schmidt said in July that the company was â€Å"able to now in fact increase the standards by which we select and hire new people†. Google is said to place high importance on college grades, which can be frustrating for older candidates with a wealth of work experience

Freedom of speech from the perspective of mass media, to what extend it has been practiced in Malaysia? Essay

IntroductionMass media atomic name 18 mean of communication theory (as smartspapers, radio, or television) that is intentional to off the mass of the people1. Besides playing the char fargoner reference to inform some(a)body with news program, the media together with a sound legal system and an fencesitter judiciary is part of a triumvirate that is infixed for a well-functioning democracy2. In a popular system of prevailment, mass media is performing a procedure of essential functions. First, they go to on selective information or surveillance function.Second, they serve an agenda-setting and interpretation function. Third, they c atomic number 18 us to pee and maintain connections with various groups in society. Fourth, they help us to affableize and to educate us.Fifth, they bend us to buy certain items or accept certain ideas. Sixth, they entertain us. granting immunity is the power or office to act, enunciate or think freely. We ar at whizz clip living a media culture and its m aged(prenominal) is start out very pervasive. The number of hours we slip by on the media is mind-boggling. Although the independence of the media should non be in toto, yet the degree of the exemption of the media give affect the function of the media. Citizens of countries that be democratic see media emancipation as a right, non a privilege.Nevertheless, thither is no mention of liberty of the bosom or exemption of the electronic media in our theme. However, freedom of media to exercise its role and functions in society has been enshrined as a natural human right by centering of recognition for the right to freedom of idiom, font and opinion.3Pre-independenceIn 1930-1940, t present ar approximately 80 newspaper and magazine publishers mark in the Malayan State, much(prenominal) as Utusan Melayu, Saudara, Warta Malaya and Majlis. In Warta Malaya, it publish article that talk somewhat the social and economic problems faced by th e Malay. However, it did non ask for the British to be chased break through. The newspaper, Majlis, discussed the political issues. Majlis not notwithstanding brings to the awakening and fights for Malays right, their office became the place for the jingoistic to meet up and exchange their thoughts.In the newspapers Saudara, in that respect was a column named Persaudaraan Sahabat Pena where the Malay readers exchanged their point of view. British was confused on the development of this column and at that placeof took the step tooverseen those who involved in the verbalize column.In view of the number of cosmosations that existed during the time and the situation whereby those newspapers atomic number 18 free to discussed either issues, and the fact that the newspapers has played a indispensable role in the movement towards independence, we foundation conclude that chthonic the system of British, the media was enjoying the freedom of quarrel.The equity on the freed om of destination became cle ber during the time forward to independence. Certain fairness has been introduced to the Malay State. genius of the legalitys which governed the freedom of computer address at that time was the insurrection do work 1948. discussion section 4 of the typify makes it an criminal offense to make, prepare, or to conspire, to do a seditions act, to carry rebellious intelligence services, and to propagate or issue both seditious human raceations. sectionalization 3 supports that a seditious drift is unriv totally(a)ed which tends to (a) bring hatred or scorn to the presidential term or throw off alienation against whatever Ruler or authorities, (b) excite the unsophisticatedmen to revolt, (c) bring into hatred or scorn or excites disaffection against face of justice, (d) originate discontent or disaffection among the commonwealthmen, or (e) advocate feelings of ill- lead and hostility amongst the inhabitants of the country.Beside s, there were twain ordinances specifically deal with the printed media at that time, i.e. produce Press cause 1948 (Ord 12 of 1948) and dominate of trade familiarations flake 1958 (Ord 14 of 1955). The antecedent deal with the publisher in the Malay State while the later administration the printed material from former(a) country.Those integritys were limiting freedom of speech of the media at the British colonial the light of the freedom of speech make head demeanor shine at the colonial since 1956, when an start extinct to draft a issue presidency body started. The testimonys were submitted by Reid Commission in 1956-1957 Reports. In the report, there were two splits provides under the statute title Fundamental nears 161. A Federal constitution fructifys and guarantees the right of the Federation and the states it is usual and in our opinion right that it should withal define and guarantee certain fundamental one-on-one right whichare generally regard ed as essential conditions for a free and democratic means of deportment.The rights which are recommend should be defined and guaranteed are all severely accomplished straight off throughout Malaysia and it whitethorn seen un prerequisite to obtain them peculiar(prenominal)(a) shelter in the disposition. barely we found in certain quarters vague timidity about the future. We believe such apprehensions to be unfound, that there elicit be no objection to guaranteeing these rights subject to trammel exceptions in conditions of emergency and we recommend that this should be d hot setting..162. our recommendations afford federal agency of redress, pronto available to whatsoever individual, against un fair play of natureful infringements of individualized liberty in every of its aspects we further recommend (Art 10) that freedom of speech and formula should be guaranteed to all citizens subject to restrictions in the worry of protective covering, earth redact or m orality or in analogy back to incitement, defamation or contempt of coquette For the Malayan citizen, the objectives of those who framed the Federal Constitution were alone little affected by the epidemic of human rights in the horse opera world4.It has been observed that the commissions recommendation on the freedom of speech has been vague, oddly on the greatness of the rights. The commission scarcely devoted two paragraphs. The agent wherefore it was so was clear in the paragraph itself. The draft Article 10 in our Constitution was as follow10 (1) every citizen shall come the right to freedom of speech and ex squelchion, subject to whatsoever h unrivalledst restriction obligate by national law in the interest of the warrantor of the Federation, friendly transaction with other countries, semipublic order, or morality, or in relation to contempt of salute, defamation, or incitement to every offence.Mr. Justice Abdul Hamid on his note of dissent stated that the word middling wherever it occurs before the word restrictions in the ternion sub-articles of Article 10 should be omitted. Right to freedom of speech, assembly, and association has been guaranteed subject to restrictions which whitethorn be let landd in the interest of security of the country, public order and morality. If the legislature imposes any restrictions in the interest of the afore say(prenominal) matters, considering those restrictions to be presumable, that rule should not be challengeable in a judicature of law on the footh senescent that the restrictions are not reasonable.The Legislature alvirtuoso should be the articulate of what isreasonable under the parcel. If the word reasonable is allowed to stand, every legislation on this subject allow be challengeable in approach on the ground that the restrictions oblige by the legislature are not reasonable. This will in many an(prenominal) bailiwicks give rise to conflict betwixt the views of Legislature and the views of the court on the discernment of the restrictions.To avoid a situation handle that it is better to make the Legislature the strain of the reasonableness of the restrictions. If this is not d unitary the legislatures of the country will not be received of the state of the law which they will enact. on that point will always be veneration that the court whitethorn hold the restrictions imposed by it to be unreasonable. The laws would be lack in certainty. Later, when the Constitution comes into force, the Article 10 provides that (1) subject to clause (2)(a) Every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and ex twitchion (2) fantan may by law impose (a) on the rights conferred by paragraph (a) of clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation, friendly relations with other countries, public order or morality and restrictions knowing to protect the privileges of Parliament or of any legislati ve Assembly or to provide against contempt of courts, defamation, or incitement to any offence in that respect are one case regarding to twitch reported previous to independence i.e. usual public prosecutor v. The straits quantify Press Ltd5 In this case, upon the finish of the Public Prosecutor, the Respondents, who are the proprietors of the school principal Times Press Ltd, were maintaind contempt in publishing a report of the run of Tan Seng Ann of the Straits Times go out 5 August 1948.The report come ined which, it is now admitted, was misleading and inaccurate in that it gave the im haleion, irrelevant to the facts, that the fore to the highest degree step in the legal proceeding in that case was a military volunteer confession by Tan Seng Ann that he was in possession of a fire-arm and that his assay was make solely as the turn out of such voluntary confession in the issue.The Notice of Motion having set out the price of the letter complained of went on to allege inter alia that the criminal case referred to in the letter was sub judice when the letter was published in that an appeal was pending that the terms of the letter did not forge a fair or accurate accounting of the trial nor fair comment thereon and that its return tended to prejudice the fair disposal of the proceedings and tended to bring into contempt the administration of justice by that Court.Spenser-Wilkinson J held that I would hesitate to follow too nearly the decisions of English Courts on this subject without offshoot considering whether the relevant conditions in England and this country are at all similar.Quite apart from the present emergency in this country, I do not think it could be suggested that the development of the Press, the general standard of nurture or the composition of the general public in the two countries are at all comparable and it may, because, be necessary to take a stricter view here of matters which pertain to the dignity of the C ourts and the impartial administration of justice than would be taken at the present time in England.saucily Independence (1957-1980)At this spot, Art 10 Federal Constitution has been reclaimed twice. The first amendment was on 19636 where the linguistic process Clause (2) and (3) had been substituted for the words clause (2) of clause (1) with effect from 16 September 1963.and the words or any part thereof were added to the Art10(2)(a). yet, clause (3) which provides that Restrictions on the right to form a associations conferred by paragraph (c) of clause (1) may to a fault be imposed by any law relating to labour or education. The snatch amendment was made on 19717 after considering the stretch out of May 1969.This time, Clause (4) was added with effect from 10 March 1971. Article 10(4) provides that Parliament may pass laws prohibiting the questioning of four photo irritable matters right to citizenship under Part trinity of the Constitution status of the Malay word po sition and privileges of the Malays and the native of Sabah and Sarawak and prerogatives of the Malay Sultans and the judgement Chiefs of Negeri Sembilan. The constitutional changes enable Parliament to amend the Sedition be active of 1948 in order to add a new definition of seditious tendency8. The revise sections were Section 3 (1) A seditious tendency is a tendency(f) To question any matter, right, status, position, privilege, sovereignty or prerogative make believe or protected by the furnish of Part III of the Federal Constitution or Article 152, 153 or 181 of the Federal ConstitutionSection 2seditious when employ to or used in respect of any act, speech, words, giving medication issue or other thing qualifies the act, speech, words, publication or other thing as one having a seditious tendency positive Secrets solve 1972 is a new law that be introduced at that time. This is the most substantial statute on organization secrecy. The centre of attention of the law is that official secrets cannot be received, retained, released or used without previous authorization.9 The interpret is drafted in the widest probable terms and is not circumscribed in its operation to spies, saboteurs, traitors and mercenaries.The term official secret is not defined in the propel. The courts have minded(p) the term the broadest possible definition, and on the generally sure social structure any communication pertaining to the Executive would defecate an offence.10 The right to free speech can be further eclipsed by the special provisions of Art 149 and one hundred fifty relating to corruption and emergency. Art 149 authorises legislative action designed to stop or preclude subversion, unionised vehemence and crimes damaging to the public. Art 150 permits any legislative action require by reason of emergency.The grounds enumerated to a higher place permitting curtailment of free speech are so broad and comprehensive that in 49 years no portrayal of parliament even been found by the courts to have violated the Constitution. Besides printed media, television was introduced in Malaysia in 1963. The television was under the check of the Department of Broadcasting (RTM). What is ostensible is that television and to a greater extent generally transmit in Malaysia was form its inception about aligned to the government. Both the RTM channel were naturalised via decisions made by the then chemical bond coalition government.Because of the raft at that time, there was no any specifics rule to govern the broadcasting. One of the cases that cosmos heard at that time was Melan bin Abdullah v Public Prosecutor.11 The fact of the case was that On 6 April 1971 the Utusan Melaya newspaper published a report of a talk given over by given by Inche Musa Hitam, a prominent Malay leader and outgrowth of Parliament, at the National Education carnal knowledge held in the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur..In the report was an chromat ography column sub-heading, which in the English translation reads repeal Tamil or bring upese metier schools in this country. The first appellate was the editor-in-chief of the Utusan Melayu,and the siemens plaintiff in error the author of the sub-heading inserted in the report. smiler for their prosecution was given under s 5(1) of the Sedition present 1948, and they were tried in due course in the special sessions court on a file away of publishing a seditious publication in contravention of s 4(1)(C) of the Sedition Act, punishable under the same section.The intimate special president held the publication to be seditious, that the first appellant was responsible for all publication in the Utusan Melayu, that the second appellant was the author of the impugned subheading, and that consequently they were both guilty. They were convicted and fined the union of $500 and $1,000 respectively, in default one month and two months imprisonment, both appellant appealed.CJ Ong, on hearing of the appeal accepted the first appellant evidence that he had organised seminars and discussions, relating in particular to the sensitive issues and had instructed his staff on the relevant law as he understood it. He had sponsored a talk to journalists given on this subject in February 1971 by the attorney General as well as the Solicitor-General. Therefore, the first answerer appeal was allowed. simply the court dismissed the second respondent appeal.Another case is Public Prosecutor v Straits Times (Malaya) Bhd.12 The Public Prosecutor applied in this case for leave to issue a writ or writs of attachment for contempt of court on the respondents for publication of articles in The Straits Times. The grounds upon which relief was want was that the publications of the said articles contain matters which are tendentious and constitute contempt of court, because they are prejudicing and embarrassing the applicant in the exercise of his statutory functions and to a faul t prejudicing a fair trial concerning the circumstances of the death of one Robert Lee.Abdul Hamid J held that I do not think that it is reasonable to go through these words as having any special meaning. There is no contention that the reports do reveal that there had been an assault, a commotion and firing of a shot and that allegedly, a police officer was involved. plainly these facts are not challenged. As regards the prior episode encountered by Robert Lee there is nothing to show that this was not consecutive. save it is not uncommon for newspapers to publish matters concerning bookworm achievement of and other good whole kit and caboodle rendered by a soul on his death particularly ifthe dead person enjoys a certain standing in the community or he is in one way or another(prenominal) related to any prominent personality. For that reason it is unreasonable to isolate certain passages from the reports and construe them unfavourably or to impute illegitimate motive on the publisher.What may appear to be an embarrassment or prejudicial if that part is read in isolation may not be so if the reports are read as a whole taking into account the circumstances surrounding such publication particularly if it relates to a matter which will boost public sensation or a matter of unusual occurrence. The diligence was therefore dismissed.Malaysia under Tun Dr. Mahathir (1981-2002)oer this flowing, more laws are introduced and come into force to govern the media. In 1984, belief Presses and Publications Act came into force on the inaugural of September 1984 as a consolidating Act, and in turn repealed the publish Presses Act 1948 and the come across of Imported Publications Act 1958. The Act is designed to regulate the use of printing, presses and the printing, importation, production, reproduction, publishing and distribution of publications and for matters connected there with. finished such control, the government uses it power to come up what it i s the public has a right to know, or exactly what form freedom of speech should take13. This is an Act designed clearly to view that the press does not get out of line, imposes both a system of licensing and censorship14. Section 3 of the Act makes it mandatory to reach a license to own a printing press. The diplomatic minister has compulsory fragility on giving, refusing, and revoking a license15. Further, judicial fall over of the subgenus Pastors discretion is not allowed16 and the Minister is not required to give the parties a prior hearing17. The period of the license is 12 months or shorter period as minister specifies18. This means that all publishers in this country must come across the pangs of uncertainty about whether their permit will be renewed for the following year. There is less control of what may be written in foreign publications, controls have been exercised through deliberate delay in distribution and sometimes outright fling on their sale where official s deemed reports to be unsavory or inaccurate19. In 1988, another law governing the media came into force on 1st August i.e.The Broadcasting Act 1988. The premise to the Act states An act to provide for the control ofbroadcasting services and for matters connected therewith. The Act is both stringent and inflexible. It bestows considerable powers on the government to determine the slip of television made available to the Malayan public. In the midst of the supposed deregulation of broadcasting, the Act now gives the Minister of knowledge virtually total powers to determine who will and who will not broadcast and the nature of the broadcast material. Under the Act, any potential broadcaster would need to apply for a licence from the minister beforehand. Later, the Act was amended on October 1996.By the amendment, this already-stringent piece of legislation were aimed at taking into account the admittance of new services, such as cables length and satellite television, satelli te radio, pay TV and video-on demand. Due to the drastic development in the electronic media, the Legislature has to repeal the old Telecommunication Act 1950 and the Broadcasting Act 1988 and introduced a new law which is the communication theory and Multimedia Act 1998.The Acts breakthrough was to bring together the previously disparate industries of broadcasting, telecommunications and internet services feature under legislation and more importantly, one regulator the intercourses and Multimedia commission.20 The discourse and Multimedia Act brings to the creation of converse and Multimedia Commission Act 1998. the Communication and Multimedia Commission performing several(prenominal) functions including advising the Minister all matters concerning the national form _or_ system of government objectives for communication and multimedia activities and implementing and enforcing the provisions of the communications and multimedia law.Interestingly, randomness Malaysia 1980-8 1 and Information Malaysia 1985 revealed that between 1981 and 1985 alone, the number of titles of topical anesthetic newspapers, magazines, and journals in circulation change magnitude from 56 to 10221. However, the increase in number cannot be the proof supporting the allegation that during that time, the media was enjoying freedom of speech.There are some facts that we should not forget. In 1987, during the Operasi Lalang, a number of newspapers were closed by the government22. Later, Harakah being categorizes as publications of political parties meant for party members and there is law forbids the publication being openly change to the public.Besides, Barisan Nasional possess and controlled major Malayan media organization. Further, prior to Dato Seri Anwars sacking, expulsion, and detention, the editor of Utusan Malaysia and Berita Harian, and thedirector of operations of TV3 were forced to resign because they were allied to Anwar. In 1990, there was a case of Aliran Kese daran23 In this case, the respondents had applied for a permit under s 6(1) of the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 to print and publish in Bahasa Malaysia a magazine under the name and style of Seruan Aliran.The application was refused by the Minister of Home Affairs. The respondents applied for an order of certiorari to remove into the extravagantly Court for the purpose of quashing the decision of the Minister and for an order of mandamus directing the Minister to hear and determine the application for the permit harmonise to law. The amply Court made an order quashing the decision of the Minister and arranged that the Minister shall hear and determine according to law the application for the permit. The appellant appealed.The court allowing the appeal and held that Section 12(2) of the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 gives the Minister of Home Affairs imperious discretion to refuse an application for a license or permit. So unless it can be clearly esta blished that the Minister for Home Affairs had in any way exercised his discretion wrongfully, unfairly, deceitfully or in bad faith, the High Court cannot question the discretion of the Minister.One of the significant cases during this period was the case of Irene Fernandez. The facts were that in 1995, Tenaganita released a report documenting beatings, sexual violence against detainees by prison guards, and in comme il faut aliment and water in Malaysias in-migration detention camp. Irene Fernandez was arrested and charged with malicious publication of false news under the Printing Presses and Publications Act. Magistrate Juliana Mohamed found Irene guilty and was sentence to one year imprison.Current Situation (2003-2006) amid these periods of time, there is no any new law designed to control the media. However, recently, giving medication has released the Media Council Bill (2006) which seeks to ameliorate some of the bastinado excess of the Printing Presses and Publications Act in regard to the local media.On scalawag 4 of the Bill, it was stated An Act to establish the Malayan Press Council for the purpose of preserving, promoting and defend the freedom of the Press, of maintaining and improving the ethical and superior journalistic standards of newspapers, press publications and news/pressagencies in Malaysia.Nevertheless, there is fear in public that this piece of legislation will create another unnecessary public body with wide powers to curb press freedom despite its apparent business to uphold that right. It might also act as a censorship board, and dealing with complaints against the press organisations and journalists and not against abnegation of freedom of expression by other entities such as ministers or organisations whose actions efficaciously suppress the right of freedom of expression.Besides, survive in mind that all the laws governing the media before this are still securely in place and the main teem media also continue to be have by interests directly or indirectly tied to the main component parties of the BN, peculiarly UMNO and MCA.Some incidents happened during this time of period, showing to us that despite of the changes of the head of the Government, the media are not freer compared to the years before. The government shut down the Sarawak tribune for the editors made a mistake of reprinting caricatures of Prophet Muhammad following Muslim protests of a Danish paper that first published them.Another incident was that the Minister of Information, Datuk Zainuddin had sought the sacking of top NST editor at a meeting of UMNOs information bureau because he was unhappy with the way the NST had played up certain issues such as the religious rights of minorities and the governments policy on bumiputras.24 The government also delays in reviewing the publishing permit of the oriental person Daily and censor certain news that the government were not comfortable with.Moreover, the get by on Ninth Mal aysia fancy was given wide publicity in the media, but it was the official view and rationale for the project that enjoyed one-sided coverage. The leader of the opposition who utter foe six hours on the Plan did not get any of the essence(p) coverage.25 Another issue was that Tun Dr. Mahathir had called a press conference to express his deep dashing hopes after Datuk Seri Abdullah dismissed the crooked couplet project. However, the mainstream media hardly covered it.ConclusionsThe freedom of the media has seen become more restrictive from the time prior to independence until now. At the early day, the British Colonial has a freer media compare to the media after independence. This might be because of the British regarded the individual freedom as up most important. When came to the early day after independence, the laws being designed were more restricted. However, this was understandable as the situation at that time, where Malaysia was in an Emergency. reasonless speech might cause debauch to the nation. Therefore, the government had to take step to prevent this. In 1970-1985, there was more cases on freedom of speech, after the stand of the courts are clear in these issues, there was lesser cases.During the time frame from 1981 to 2002, many laws were designed and many existing laws were amended. Tun Dr. Mahathir tried to cut this by saying that the truth is that there is no sacrosanct press freedom anywhere in the world, be it in a liberal democratic country or in countries governed by dictators.26 He further claimed that journalists and unknowns read a few newspapers which support the government and presently concluded that there is no press freedom in Malaysia.This was in federation with his view points that Malaysian newspapers are free. But this freedom does not mean freedom to criticize the government alone. It also means freedom to support the government.27Further in Tun Dr. Mahathir speech at the national union of diaryists dinner on fift eenth June 1990, he stated that According to an old English proverb, power corrupt and rank(a) power tends to corrupt absolutely. If there are restrictions on press freedom, especially pertaining to reports on violence, sex and obscenity, then they are imposed because no one should be given absolute power. This is to prevent the possibility of absolute corruption. This constraint no way suggests there is no press freedom in Malaysia. Government leaders in this country have no absolute power.The people can change the government while the courts can reverse government decisions. Therefore, newspapers in Malaysia must accept these restrictions. This is through with(p) in the national interest and not aimed at destroying pressfreedom. It is true that freedom of the media has to be limited but over limiting will just if result to a closed society. sounding at the current situation, many are thinking that the new government would promote media freedom in view of the government transpa rency policy. However, one should bear in mind that since Datuk Seri Abdullah took over the government until today, it was only three years passed. It is unfair to judge him at this moment. Whether or not there is free media under Datuk Seri Abdullah, we shall wait and see. comparison to our nearest neighbor, capital of capital of Singapore, media in Malaysia enjoy more freedom. Singapore as a police state, the press is mobilized to explain and support the policies of the Singapore government, as an aid to development or else than assuming a counter-checking posture.In Chee Siok Chin case28, the Singapore court held that it bears emphasis that the phrase necessary or expedient confers on Parliament an extremely wide arbitrary power and remit that permits a multilateral and multifaceted approach towards achieving any of the purposes undertake in Art 14(2) of the constitution. In air to the Indian Constitution, there can be no questioning of whether the Legislations are reasonabl e. The courts sole task, when a constitutional challenge is advanced, is to ascertain whether an impugned law is within the purview of any of the tolerable restrictions.As for electronic media, the media Corporation of Singapore, an organic evolution from a series of government owned broadcast Corporations, dominances the broadcasting media. The PAP government guards the broadcast turf with rigour, grudgingly allowing foreigner broadcasters to operate for commercial and public relations reasons but legislating them off local politics.Today, Malaysian society has an economic direct of existence which provides for basic needs, health facilities, adequate housing and equal opportunities to education. Therefore, there is no reason why freedom of speech and free media should be restricted. Values of freedom of expression, exposure tocritical thinking and the importance of a civil society should be emphasizes. later on 49 years of independence, Malaysian should not only concern with e arning a livelihood and basic quality of life issues. hunting lodge shall have desire to take aim knowledge especially in social concerns such as freedom of speech.Bibliography1. A Case of the Media liberty Report of the SUHAKAM, shop class on emancipation of the Media at Kuala Lumpur, Aug. 1, 2002. 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