Essay about The Salem Witch Trials - 2167 Words

A real fear feels like death, but less satisfying. These fears enthralled the minds of the naive and frightened during the most dangerous time to be alive in New England, The Salem witch trials. The fire inside the Salem Trials needs a fuel, fed to it from the spoon of the stupid, will grown until it burns everything in sight. Who knew a mere lack of knowledge could get 20 people killed and drag Puritan society through hell. Highly religious peoples had a large role in fueling the hysteria that occurred during the trials. The fear from being attacked during the Indian war also had a played a big role in why the Witch Trials kept going strong for so long. The Salem witch trials, fueled by fear and influenced by hardship of Puritan life and†¦show more content†¦The stigma surrounding witchcraft and supernatural entities has only escalated since the founding of the colonies. One of the main causes of the hysteria surrounding the trials was the hardship of Puritan life in New England. Many colonial people were struggling to survive in the ridgid New England wilderness. They were forced to cooperate with one another to solidify their weak community and were forced to interact with people they didnt necessarily like. They were exposed to constant tension and fear of starvation which caused them them to lash out at their neighbors. Weak communities cracked under pressure and caused distance between citizens. Internal squabbling, particularly about matters of faith and worship, split many Puritans into ever smaller and more remote communities with their own concepts about carrying out the true mission of God. These small settlements were susceptible to disease and many other dreadful things the wilderness had to offer. They were focused solely on survival. Women also had very little authoritative role in the colonies which is why they didn’t stop as ea rly as they could have. Women in colonial British America were called to live up to conflicting and contradictory cultural ideals: all women were to be submissive to patriarchal authority, and yet many were also expected to exercise their authority as competent household managers. Women had almost no authority in law making or pursuing, soShow MoreRelatedSalem Witch Trials And The Witch Trial1494 Words   |  6 PagesFirst of all, I wanted to talk about what Salem Witch Trial is and who are the persons involve in this event. Salem Witch Trials, according to Encyclopedia Britannica is â€Å"A series of investigations and persecutions that caused 19 convicted â€Å"witches† to be hanged and many other many suspects to be imprisoned in Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.† There are many people involve in Salem Witch Trials and I’ll be going to describe their role in this event, followed by the different case studiesRead MoreSalem Witch Trials And The Wi tch Trial Essay2225 Words   |  9 Pagesaccused of witchcraft in Salem Village, Massachusetts, many more died in jail, and around 200 people total were accused of witchcraft during the Salem Witch Trials. Records from the event indicate that the Salem Witch Trials started when a group of young girls began acting strange, claiming they had been possessed by the Devil and bewitched by local villagers. The Salem Witch Trials is a much debated event; historians argue over the motivation and causes behind the trials and executions, not overRead MoreThe Trial Of The Salem Witch Trials905 Words   |  4 PagesI. Introduction In January 1692, when a group of juvenile girls began to display bizarre behavior, the tight-knit Puritan community of Salem, Massachusetts couldn’t explain the unusual afflictions and came to a conclusion. Witches had invaded Salem. This was the beginning of a period of mass hysteria known as The Salem Witch Trials. Hundreds of people were falsely accused of witchcraft and many paid the ultimate price of death. Nineteen people were hung, one was pressed to death, and as many asRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials691 Words   |  3 Pageswere the Salem Witch Trials? The Trials happened in 1692 in Puritan Massachusetts, in a town called Salem. Nineteen men and women were hanged on grounds of practicing dark magic and making a pact with Satan (in other words, for being witches). Hundreds of people were imprisoned; several died there. Additionally, one man (of over seventy years!) was crushed to death with heavy stones and the lives of many were irrevocably changed. (Salem Witch Museum) IQ #2- How and why did the Salem WitchRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a prime part of American history during the early 17th century. During this time, religion was the prime focus and way of life within colonies. This was especially true for the Puritan way of life. Puritans first came to America in hopes of practicing Christianity their own way, to the purest form. The Puritans were fundamentalists who believed every word transcribed in the Bible by God was to be followed exactly for what it was. The idea of the devil controlling a womanRead MoreThe Trials Of The Salem Witch Trials1866 Words   |  8 Pagessurrounding the cause of the Salem Witch Trials 1692 makes the topic captivating as many historian perspectives offer explanations for the causation of the trials, yet the personal context of each historian has determined its historic reliability. This questions the level of objectivity each historian has in their responses to the Trials. The aims and purposes of a historian, as well as their differing methodologies may alter the approach the have towards the investigation of the Trials. Many interpretationsRead MoreThe Trials Of Salem Witch Trials Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe notorious witch trials in Salem began in Spring of 1692. This started after a young group of girls in Salem Village, Massachusetts, professed they were possessed by the devil. These young girls even went as far as accusing some local women of practicing witchcraft. As a frenzy spreaded throughout colonial Massachusetts, a specific court was summoned to hear cases. Bridget Bishop was the first convicted witch and she was hung in that June following her trial. Eighteen other people followed BishopRead MoreThe Trials Of Salem Witch Trials1069 Words   |  5 PagesEven though the Salem witch trials were made to seem formal, they were actually subjective and not based on fact. Since there were multiple people being accused of witchcraft, the trials were short and quick to sentence. The witch trials lasted less than a year. The first arrests were made on March 1, 1692, and the final hanging day was September 22, 1692. The Court of Oyer and Terminer was dissolved in October of 1692. The Salem Witch Trials occurred in the spring of 1692, when a groupRead MoreThe Trials Of The Salem Witch Trials1635 Words   |  7 Pagesovercome was the Salem Witch Trials. The Salem Witch Trials occurred in 1692 and 1693 in colonial Massachusetts. â€Å"More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft – the Devil’s magic – and 20 were executed† as detailed by Jess Blumberg on the web article A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials (Blumberg 2007). The trials had a major impact on the American society and the effects could be seen in colonial America as well as today. Why did the injustice of the Salam Witch Trials occur and whyRead MoreSalem Witch Trials And Trials1320 Words   |  6 PagesSalem Witch Trials was a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in the Salem Village of the 17th century New England. The trials caused executions of many people but mostly women. Salem Witch Trials exposed the different roles men and women were supposed to play during the seventeenth century. Women were supposed to take on â€Å"wifely duties† such as, be mothers and housewives. Women were thought to follow the men. The trials also revealed that there were strict religious

Self Reflection Paper - 891 Words

Finding the right words to describe my adolescent life is nothing short of impossible. When looking at myself, I did not know who I truly was and lacked direction in life. In essence, my teenage years were tough. When I was growing up, as most girls do, I struggled with self-esteem, particularly in regards to my physical image. Turning to food was always comforting, which in turn led me to become an overweight teenager with no self-esteem or drive. During my sophomore year of high school there was a turning point; I reflected on myself physically and emotionally and realized I needed to change my outlook in order to go towards what I wanted. I knew with my family history, that the odds were stacked against me. A few of my family members†¦show more content†¦I had a difficult time adjusting to the college life. My courses were unexpectedly rigorous, which eventually led me to not meet the requirements in order to be accepted into the dietetics program. Many people told me thi s was not what I was meant to do or that I should just change my career path into something easier. Their ideas just fueled me more to keep going for my dream of being a registered dietitian. I then changed my concentration of study to Community Nutrition, where I received the opportunity to educate low-income populations on nutrition without the credentials of a registered dietitian. This opportunity gave me the chance to teach children that may not have the opportunities I had to fall in love with nutrition. It could be the chance that changes their lives like nutrition did mine, and that was all the motivation I needed. This unexpected shift in life events encouraged me to volunteer within the nutrition field. I first gained experience as a volunteer for the New Brunswick 4-H program, where I taught nutrition lessons to school-aged children. Over the summer, I began to volunteer for the Middlesex County SNAP-Ed/EFNEP program, formerly called the Food Stamp Program. I was granted the chance to connect with other nutrition professionals and shadow community assistants in delivering nutrition lessons to students in low-income areas. After this valuable learning experience, I found another opportunity at the NJ SNAP-EdShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On Self Reflection757 Words   |  4 PagesSelf-Reflection paper I cannot help but think how useful this course has been. Reflecting on the content covered over the course of this semester I have seen growth, and how changes on my lesson plan that not only benefited every student but also changed my focused in using different methods of instruction to fit the needs of every individual student. I truly enjoyed that the course was divided into main topics to help me grow on a professional level. Each topic attempted to provide specific examplesRead MoreReflection Paper On Self Reflection1514 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-Reflection paper I cannot help but think how useful this course has been. Reflecting on the content covered over the course of this semester I have seen growth, and how changes to my lesson plan have not only benefited every student, but also changed my focused on using different methods of instruction to fit the needs of every individual student. I truly enjoyed that the course was divided into main topics to help me grow on a professional level. Each topic attempted to provide specific examplesRead MoreSelf Reflection Paper1300 Words   |  6 Pagestoday as I sit down and write my first paper in almost 20 years. I’ve spent the last 10 years trying to be very concise in my communication, to the point and easy to skim the important facts to ensure what I need to get across will be read. The fact that I am having some emotional response to the stress related to routinely writing papers that ‘feel long’ is just a great example of some of what I learned from my MBTI/Firo B results . I have taken a number of self assessments over the years and MBTIRead MoreSelf Reflection Paper1375 Words   |  6 Pages Oral Counseling Proficiency Exam Self-Reflection Paper Kristie Hoppe Elizabethtown College â€Æ' In this paper I plan to briefly review what happened during the counseling demonstration. Next, I will discuss two basic counseling skills that I believe I used well, and one that I struggled with. Finally, I will discuss the next steps I will take in order to improve my counseling skills. In the counseling scenario, I counseled Chris who was a college student and a religious studies major attending ElizabethtownRead MoreSelf Reflection And Self Awareness Reflection Paper1054 Words   |  5 PagesCodependency: Self-Reflection and Self-Awareness Reflection Paper In the last several weeks, I had an opportunity to look back and analyze the events that has shaped my life. This was a unique experience where I was emotionally comfortable enough to look back at life. I was able too objectively revisit many events that were often buried and too painful to face. While doing this, I felt I had finally become free from the turmoil of fears of failure, anger, regret and isolation, which often cloudedRead MoreReflection Paper On Self Reflection1007 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-Reflection is very important it is just a matter of taking your time to think things out. In every situation that everybody is going through it’s important to stop and take a moment to reflect. I try to always stop and think before I do or say something that is going to harm me. Not only does it work to reflect when you are going through a fight. It’s important to reflect on school such in assignments and have better grades. Self-Reflection is going to make you a b etter person and help you makeRead MoreSelf Reflection Paper1067 Words   |  5 Pagesachieve if you believe that you will be successful; I found this statement to be true pertaining to myself over the process of these past few months. And that more than ever, if you really want to do something you’ll go ahead and do it. Motivation is self induced and drive is something that will come naturally when you’re doing the things that you love. Being a stage manager is a very interesting task (that could be because 95% of the time I had no idea what I was doing), however, it taught me moreRead MoreSelf Reflection Paper896 Words   |  4 PagesSelf-awareness is important in everyday life, for certain individuals, it can conduct an entire day of activities and decisions. This reflection of my self-awareness is based off personal positive and negative attributes which are a direct reflection of who I am as a person. To have an outside view of these attributes, I interview my girlfriend Stephanie Russo who is also my best friend. Stephanie has been close to me for the past three years as we grew as individuals. Because of this growing processRead MoreSelf Reflection Paper760 Words   |  4 Pageshave felt inadequate compared to my extroverted peers, teachers, and even family. I am often judged based on my personality, assumed to be dumb, uninvolved, and one who lacks the essential qualities it takes to be a leader. I often th ink of myself in self-deprecating ways, especially when I chose to sit alone instead of in a group, or when I decide that I am simply too quiet to be a leader in my community. This has always puzzled me, as I am not sure why one’s preference for solitude can be associatedRead MoreSelf Reflection Paper1478 Words   |  6 Pagessure we meet deadlines and initiate the planning of meetings. Throughout all of these varied experiences, I have gained and developed essential leadership skills, and I hope to use my skills to become a global leader. A global leader is someone who is self-aware and understanding of cultural differences and has a curiosity for life and the people in it. They are a confident, open, and enthusiastic presence; they create meaning in the relationships he or she builds. A global leader does their best to

Supply Management of International Journal - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Supply Management of International Journal. Answer: Organizational Overview Strategic Direction and Organizational Objectives Primary objective of Houzit is to develop a unique image in the global retail chain industry through delivering high-quality products and through providing them easy payment plans. Apart from this, they have also concentrated on setting up new stores across Australia and to gain competitive advantage at the international level. Houzits another primary objective is to reach the mark of $20 million sales. Another significant objective of the organization is to create brand recognition in Brisbane; thus, at least 1 in 3 people learn about the brand (Arturo Garza-Reyes, et. al., 2012). Current size, capabilities, and resources of the organisation Company is operating its functionalities in retail industry from past 50 years, thus, they have acquired a huge range of resources in terms of expansion of their business. Houzit has approximately 15-20 full-time employees and along with this, they have also a number of casual employees in terms of attainment of their goals and the objectives. In terms of expanding their resources, they have enhanced their menu of products and services for fulfilling their customers needs and multiple payment plans have also been introduced. Following are companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (Berthon, et. al., 2012). Strengths Knowledgeable, skilled and talented employees; Huge customer loyalty; Variety of products and services in terms of fulfillment of consumers' needs. Weaknesses Limited budget and listed in small level organizations; Limited number of payments plans (Bessant, et. al., 2012). Gaps between the objectives and the current capabilities and resources The primary gap will be budget because company has developed the objective to increase their sales in next three years which requires huge budget. Large number of human resources will be required with the increased number of stores in the country. In terms of expansion, organization needs to spend a huge amount over the promotions and the advertisements and maintaining the same level of quality is also necessary for the attainment of the organizational goals and the objectives (Green, et. al., 2012). Opportunities Marketing opportunities that meet the objectives Most adequate method of attainment of the organizational objectives will be conducting the promotional campaigns through digital marketing tools. Along with organization could also focus on the pricing strategies in terms of providing the variety of goods and services to its target audience at lower rates in comparison to its competitors (Hamister, 2012). Risks and benefits The digital environment is dynamic in nature and the primary benefit of digital marketing tool is variety. With the help of huge choices, organization could easily measure and monitor. Penetrative pricing strategy will lead to the abundance of consumers and the benefit linked with this pricing strategy is opportunity to enhance the sales volumes easily. Recommending the marketing opportunity Marketing mix strategy Product: Houzit needs to adopt certain effective strategies so that they could be able to develop their products unique from its competitors. Product differentiation strategy could be adopted as well as maintaining the quality of the product is another great factor through which organization could differentiate its products from its competitors (Ingwersen Stevenson, 2012). Price: Implementation of penetrative pricing strategy is another great objective through which they could reach to the mark of desired sales. Promotion: Digital marketing tool, trending techniques such as social media platforms and the print medium methods could also be used in terms of approaching the target audience. Place: Houzit is currently operating its functionalities from around 15 stores and with the objective to expand their business; they have decided to set up few more stores across Australia (Kronenberg Bergier, 2012). Alignment of the strategies with strategic direction Above discussed strategies and the methods are aligned with the objective of attainment of organizational goals and the objectives. The company is operating at the small level and to develop their image in the global market, an organization needs to adopt certain crucial techniques through which they could develop brand value in order to attract target audience (Min Kim, 2012). Marketing performance Competitive Analysis Houzit is conducting its functionalities from a long period and in this manner, they could easily expand its business in the global market. Following are certain major challenges which need to be faced by the organization to measure its performance: An organization has adopted promotional strategies in order to enhance its sales volume and to attain competitive advantage in the target market. Houzit has developed its national presence with a large number of customers in the target market and its primary competitor is IKEA. While evaluating, it was observed that IKEA has large presence than Houzit as it deals with small market i.e. Brisbane (Rogerso, 2012). Metrics for measuring marketing performance Certain aspects of brand awareness, customer acquisition, lead generation, engagement associated linked with marketing performance should be measured while evaluating the marketing performance. Tactics Scheduling of marketing activities: Houzit is a large integrated company and according to this, they have developed strong connections with the distributors and suppliers in terms of developing a strong position in the market as well as to gain adequate competitive advantage in the market. Costing: Huge capital will be required in order to expand the business in the global market. Plan for coordinating and monitoring scheduled activities, including KPIs: Developing and distributing the products and the services in relevance to the consumers' objectives, an organization could easily attain its goals and the objectives. Accountabilities and responsibilities: Houzit is accountable and responsible towards its consumers in terms of quality of the products delivered by them. Legal and ethical requirements: Above mentioned tactics have the legal impact over the business and to fulfill these requirements, Houzit needs to fulfill the social, political and the customers' value in order fulfills the customers demands. Tactics fitting within organizational resources and capabilities: Tactics used in the marketing plan are useful for the organization in terms of attainment of the organizational objectives. The company has the limited budget and in this concern, they should be able to comply with the organizational objectives as well as an effective position could easily be developed in the competitive business environment. Assessment 2 Prepare and present a marketing plan SWOT Strengths Knowledgeable staff in relevance with the homewares; Great retail space that is positive, useful and efficient for a commercial inner-city; Attained huge customer loyalty through delivering qualitative goods and services; Effective quality at low rates in comparison to its competitors. Weaknesses Limited budget in order to develop an effective image in the target market; Lack of capital for providing advanced payment plans to its customers. Opportunities Development of effective image in the target market in comparison through delivering adequate qualitative goods and services; Enhancing the sales through promoting the Great Brisbane area. Threats Vast options are already available to the customers in terms of homewares; Aggressive promotional strategies used by its primary competitors; Marketing Objectives Initially organization has developed certain objectives which include setting up an effective and useful position in the global market. Increasing sale volume and increasing the customer base in terms of attainment of organizational goals and the objectives. Apart from this, organization has also planned to expand its business in the global market with the view to attaining the growth objectives (Sampson Spring, 2012). The major factor which has influenced the organization towards expanding their business is the demand for their fittings, homewares, mirrors, etc. in the domestic market. They have gained an experience of 50 years in this industry and with this factor; they could easily be able to set up its unique image in the market. Following are certain marketing objectives which have been developed by the marketing team of the organization: Increase in the sales to $20 million per year from $15 million in the next three years; Increase in the customer base to 15,000 in the next initial years of the organization in the global market; Enhancement in the brand awareness so that every 3rd person could recognise their brand in the homewares in the next survey which will be taken in next 18 months (Shih, et. al., 2012). Strategies Houzit is involved in the manufacturing of homewares which does not relate to the basic needs' products of the customers. The demands of these products are bit low as well as their target audience is also limited. In this scenario, an organization needs to adopt certain strategies through which they could be able to cope up with their desired outcomes. The major thing which is required by them is setting up an effective position in the global market i.e. expansion of the business at the international level. For meeting up with its objectives and to attain its goals, organization has developed a set of strategies. At the global level, there are numerous organizations exists and to compete with them and to develop its unique image, certain advanced strategies are required. Thus, Houzit has adopted the penetrative pricing strategy as well as the digital marketing tools through which the advertisement and the promotion of the business will be done in an effective manner to the target aud ience. Marketing mix technique has also been included in their strategies section in order to strengthen its position in the target market. The company is new in the global market and to attain its desired goals and the objectives in an effective manner, adaptation, and implementation of effective strategies is necessary. All the above techniques are useful in the process of attainment of its goals and the objectives (Walker Jones, 2012). The gaps which lie between the expected outcomes and the resources available to the organization would easily be removed with the help of above-mentioned strategies. Major risk factor is a development of the organizational image in the global market and with the help of marketing mix techniques and the digital marketing tools, Houzit will be able to set up its position as well as the organization would easily be able to attain the competitive advantage in the target market. Implementation Tactics adopted in the process of selecting the strategies were costing and KPI. Both these tactics play crucial role in the attainment of the organizational goals and the objectives in an effective manner. These have the capability to cope with the consumers expectations as well as with the objectives of the organization. Costing describe the budget of the organization which will be required for enhancing the performance of the organization. In terms of expansion, Houzit needs to increase the number of their stores in the target market so as to attain its sales objectives. This will require sufficient funds, as well as this, will also require promotional activities through which the organization would be able to enhance the demand for their products and the services. This will also require funds which are the bit difficult for the organization as Houzit is a small level organization and arrangement of funds is the bit difficult for the organization. Apart from this, other tactics used by the organization is KPI under which the quality of their products and services are included. These are essential because they have the capability to gain the customer base, as well as organization, could easily develop brand value with providing valuable and qualitative products and services to its customers References Arturo Garza-Reyes, J., Oraifige, I., Soriano-Meier, H., Forrester, P. L., Harmanto, D. (2012). The development of a lean park homes production process using process flow and simulation methods.Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,23(2), 178-197. Berthon, P. R., Pitt, L. F., Plangger, K., Shapiro, D. (2012). Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), 261-271. Bessant, J., Alexander, A., Tsekouras, G., Rush, H., Lamming, R. (2012). Developing innovation capability through learning networks.Journal of Economic Geography,12(5), 1087-1112. Green Jr, K. W., Zelbst, P. J., Meacham, J., Bhadauria, V. S. (2012). Green supply chain management practices: impact on performance.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(3), 290-305. Hamister, J. W. (2012). Supply chain management practices in small retailers.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,40(6), 427-450. Ingwersen, W. W., Stevenson, M. J. (2012). Can we compare the environmental performance of this product to that one? An update on the development of product category rules and future challenges toward alignment.Journal of Cleaner Production,24, 102-108. Kronenberg, J., Bergier, T. (2012). Sustainable development in a transition economy: business case studies from Poland.Journal of Cleaner Production,26, 18-27. Min, H., Kim, I. (2012). Green supply chain research: past, present, and future.Logistics Research,4(1-2), 39-47. Rogerso, C. M. (2012). Strengthening agriculture-tourism linkages in the developing World: Opportunities, barriers and current initiatives.African Journal of Agricultural Research,7(4), 616-623. Sampson, S. E., Spring, M. (2012). Customer roles in service supply chains and opportunities for innovation.Journal of Supply Chain Management,48(4), 30-50. Shih, S. C., Hsu, S. H., Zhu, Z., Balasubramanian, S. K. (2012). Knowledge sharingA key role in the downstream supply chain.Information Management,49(2), 70-80. Walker, H., Jones, N. (2012). Sustainable supply chain management across the UK private sector.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(1), 15-28.

The United Nations in Africa

Introduction The United Nations (UN) is a worldwide institute who’s affirmed objectives are assisting collaboration in intercontinental law, global security, economic progress, societal development, individual liberties and attainment of global harmony. The body was set up in 1745 following the Second World War to substitute the League of Nations, to bring to a halt conflicts involving nations, and to offer a stage for discussion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The United Nations in Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It entails several auxiliary bodies to put through its undertakings. There are presently 192 affiliate nations, with each autonomous country in the world other than the Vatican City (United Nations Cyberschoolbus Country at a Glance). From its administrative centers around the world, the UN and its specific outfits settle on essential and organizational matters in normal conventions held right through the year. The body has six major organs and the Security Council is the organ tasked with fixing on given decisions for harmony and safety. The UN has carried out several peaces restoration and observance missions in Africa since the 1950s to the present day. Following independence, several African nations have been involved in civil unrest and the UN has been the international body mostly involved in exercises to ensure warring factions stay in peace. The progression from an armed clash to peace and tranquility is usually divided into four different exercises. These exercises are; conciliation, peacekeeping, peace implementation and peace building, in that order. The conciliation exercise is normally a diplomatic undertaking while the rest are enforced by armed forces (Anyidoho, 13). United Nations peace exercises have been positive and gainful alternatives for dealing with some conflicts and humanitarian predicaments. The greater part of the 35 mediation exercises c arried out by the UN over the past five decades have been of great significance in ending regional conflicts, enhancing social equality, and keeping an eye on human rights. They have assisted stop expatriate flows and resulted in stability to areas of strategic and economic significance.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organisation des Nations Unies au Congo Organisation des Nations Unies au Congo, truncated to ONUC, translates to The United Nations Organization in the Congo in English. This was a UN international relations military unit in Congo that was instituted following the United Nations Security Council Resolution 143 of July 14, 1963. From this period the name was changed to Opà ©ration des Nations Unies au Congo (Washington CRS Report for Congress 2001, 12). Congo got independence on June 30 1960. However, the Belgian commander-in-chief declined to Africanize the administrators’ units of the armed forces. As a result of the there was disarray and uprisings broke out. As the then head of state and the prime minister were engrossed in finding a middle ground with the radicals, the Belgian administration made a decision to get involved to safeguard Belgians that were still in the country. The Belgian administration was for the idea that Katanga Province, one of the most productive in the country be independent. This is where the majority of the Belgians stayed. The Belgian administration sent its soldiers to Elisabethville, Katanga’s headquarters to safeguard Belgians on July 10, 1960. They claimed autonomy of the region. Two days later, Congo’s President and the Prime Minister requested for aid of the UN in resolving the matter (Anon). The UN Secretary-General asked the concerned organ, the UN Security Council, to act on the issue as a matter of urgency in a meeting held on July 13th, 1960. The Security Council require d the Belgian administration to take put its soldiers from Congo’s land. The decision allowed the UN Secretary General to go ahead, in discussion with the Congolese administration, to offer that regime with the required forces aid until it felt that, by way of its labors with the technological help of the UN, the countrywide defense forces were in a position to achieve their responsibilities completely. After the Security Council actions, the United Nations Force in the Congo (MONUC) was instituted. To perform these duties, the Secretary General put together a UN Force, which at its climax force added up to 20,000. The military unit was in Congo from 1960 to 1964, and remained a mediation force, not a war machine.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The United Nations in Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They could only use their weaponry in self defense. Nevertheless, they in due course became aggressi vely occupied in repressing the attempted secession of Katanga. The pulling out of Belgian soldiers was accomplished by September of the same year. Following this, Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba went ahead in an effort to invade Katanga on his own, looking up to the Soviet Union for assistance. The raid effort never got to Katanga and resulted in discord within the Central Administration, the fall down of that administration and in the end to Patrice Lumumba’s apprehension in December. The United Nations soldiers remained in the country until 1964 and during all this time they were assisting the administration to uphold tranquility and in strengthening the autonomy of the nation. After all this, Katanga remained a province. United Nations Operations in Mozambique The United Nations operations in Mozambique in the early 90s are abbreviated ONUMOZ. The operations were instituted in December of 1992 to help in the enactment of the harmony accord involving the administration of M ozambique and the opposition faction RENAMO. The nation’s post-independence civil strife took place from 1976 to 1992 and led to the death of approximately 1 million people (Handicap International). It also led to the devastation of the nation’s infrastructure and farming capability, and forced millions of immigrants into next-door nations. Mozambique’s Portuguese colonial cream of the crop departed right away after independence. After a few years, the country, like a number of other African nations, got caught up in the area disorder fired by Cold War enmities and the procedures of the Apartheid administration in neighboring South Africa. Just about two decades of civil conflict at last ended in 1992. The fall down of white administrations all through southern Africa, the coming to an end of the Cold War, and a destructive food crisis, offered the setting for the General Peace Agreement marked between the war factions in Rome.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More ONUMOZ kept an eye on the truce and disbandment of armed groups and offered safety for humanitarian aid. The being there of ONUMOZ shored up safety and assurance as the conditions of the tranquility agreements were enacted and free polls conducted. Countrywide polls, conducted in October 1994, were confirmed to be free and fair by the United Nations. Up to 90% of entitled voters took part in the exercise and both competing sides honored the outcome of the poll. The command of ONUMOZ came to an end with the putting in place of the freshly voted national administration in December 1994. All the United Nations troops were pulled out as of January 31, the following year. In this country, the United Nations did well in disbanding armed foes exhibiting great hostility and animosity, getting immigrants back home, and building an atmosphere within which free and fair polls could be conducted (United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs). In this, it ensured better stableness all throu gh the southern African expanse, serving as a case in point for continuing United Nations efforts to put an end to Angola’s lengthy civil strife. United Nations Peace-building Support Office in Liberia This is abbreviated UNOL and as instituted in November 1997 after the conclusion of UNOMIL’s command at the end of September of the same year. UNOMIL was the United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia that had been running since 1993. UNOL was led by an envoy of the Secretary General and was basically the first UN post-war maintenance organization whose task was to principally help the administration strengthen harmony after the July 1997 multiparty polls. Civil conflict in Liberia took away more than 250,000 lives and resulted in a full collapse of law and order (The United Nations Statistics Division). A lot of civilians were displaced, both inland and beyond the nation’s borders. There were about 850,000 expatriates in the next-door nations. Warfare commenced t owards the end of 1989, and by the beginning of 1990, quite a lot of hundred deaths had taken place in conflicts involving government troops and opposition rebels of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia, NPFL. NPFL was led by a previous government officer, Mr. Charles Taylor. As of the beginning of the war, a sub regional association, the Economic Community of West African States, embarked on a number of ideas directed at a diplomatic agreement. The UN shored up ECOWAS in its labors. Some of the help that UN offered was instituting of an ECOWAS observer unit, enforcing an arms restriction on Liberia and providing a Special Envoy to help in negotiations involving ECOWAS and the groups in conflict. Following ECOWAS’s negotiation of a peace accord in Benin in 1993, the UN Security Council instituted UNOMIL. UNOMIL was tasked with shoring up the enactment of the Benin peace accord, particularly falling in line with and unbiased enactment of the accord by all parties. UNOMIL be came the initial UN international relations exercise carried out in collaboration with a peacekeeping exercise previously instituted by another association. Holdups in the enactment of the tranquility accord and restarted warfare among Liberian splinter groups made it unworkable to conduct polls in early 1994, as pre-arranged. In the upcoming months, some complimentary tranquility accords, adjusting and shedding light on the Benin accord was bargained (Johnson). With the truce in effect, the UN effectively monitored the July 1997 polls. Mr. Charles Taylor emerged as the winner. He was sworn in and instituted a new administration and declared a course of action of ceasefire and national harmony. UNOMIL’s main aim was attained. UNOL came in after UNOMIL and by way of complete back up by the Security Council, it made possible the endorsement of national ceasefire and first-rate administration and assisted in drumming up global back up for the enactment of restoration and growth agendas. In the most up to date stage, UNOL directed its efforts toward accomplishment of the stipulations of a reworked consent, permitted by the Security Council on April 23, 2003. Under the stipulations of that reworked consent, and to add to its original duties, UNOL was to lay emphasis on helping the administration of Liberia in tackling its articulated facility requirements in the areas of civil rights and the carry-out of polls, as well as on building up a peace building tactic putting together opinionated intentions, agenda aid and civil rights contemplations. Nonetheless, the peace building labors of UNOL were badly deterred by the lack of ability of the administration and opposition party leading lights to settle their discrepancies over major issues of administration. In the meantime, the endorsement of national squaring off was chip away at by organized maltreatment of civil liberties, the omission persecution of political rivals and lack of security sector reorganizatio n and improvement. These factors had a major role to play to the recommencement of civil strife in Liberia, propelling the international community to call on the fighting factions to go after a bargained resolution of the disagreement (Human Rights Watch Africa). On July 8, 2003, the UN Secretary General assigned Jacques Paul Klein of the US as his Special Envoy to Liberia. This was a period in which the war involving Government troops and the various militaristic groups stepped up and the humanitarian catastrophe in danger. Jacques was tasked with organizing the actions of the United Nations organs in Liberia and shoring up the up-and-coming changeover preparations. On July 29 of the same year the UN Secretary General charted a three-pronged set out of intercontinental forces to Liberia, directing to a multifaceted mediation exercise. He also stated that, with the selection of Mr. Jacques, and the foreseen institution of a United Nations exercise in Liberia, the command of UNOL wou ld of course have to be concluded. Works Cited Anon 2004. â€Å"Can Africans keep their own peace?† 2004 – March 28, 2011. http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subj ectid=5189853story_id=E1_NSSQDGS Anon 2004 Strategic Comments. â€Å"African peacekeeping: Revival or relapse?† 2004 (5 Strategic Comments. Anyidoho. â€Å"Political Control and Guidance of Peace Support Operations in Africa: A UN Commander’s View† (2002). Ghana Armed Forces. p. 13 Grey-Johnson. â€Å"Beyond Peacekeeing; The Challenge of Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Peacebuilding in Africa† (2006) (1) UN Chronicle Online Edition. 2006 – March 28, 2011. http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2006/issue1/0106p08.htm# Henry Handicap International, 2010. 2010 – March 28, 2011. http://www.creativem.com/handicap/ Human Rights Watch Africa, 2009. 2009 – March 28, 2011. http://www.hrw.org/ The United Nations Statistics Division. â€Å"W orld Statistics Pocketbook and Statistical Yearbook, 2008.† 2008 – March 28, 2011. http://www.un.org/Depts/unsd/ United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs, Landmine Clearance Unit Report on Mozambique. 2003 – March 28, 2011. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/mine/mozambiq.htm United Nations Cyberschoolbus Country at a Glance. 2008 – March 28, 2011. http://www.un.org/cgi-bin/pubs/infonatn/dquery.pl?lang=emoz=on Washington CRS Report for Congress 2001. â€Å"Copson RW Democratic Republic of the Congo: Peace Process and Background.† (2001). p. 12. 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